Constructing Test Questions and the Table of Specifications (TOS)

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS
EVALUATION OF EXAMPLES
WRITE-SHOP
Q & A

Constructing
the table of
specifications

1. ThepsychologistwhoformulatedthetheoryofClassical
Conditioningis_______________.
A. B.F.Skinner
B. ErikErikson
C. IvanPavlov
D. JeanPiaget

A. B.F.Skinner
B. ErikErikson
C. IvanPavlov
D. JeanPiaget
Stem

A. B.F.Skinner
B. ErikErikson
C. IvanPavlov
D. JeanPiaget
Stem
key

A. B.F.Skinner
B. ErikErikson
C. IvanPavlov
D. JeanPiaget
Stem
distracters
key

The basic unit of mass is the
A. gram
B. litre
C. meter
D. cylinder

POOR
That swimming pool which needs cleaning most
often is that swimming pool
A) which is filled with water from a stream
B) which is filled with water from a well
C) which is filled with water from the ocean
D) which is filled with water collected from rainfall

BETTER
The swimming pool that will need the most cleaning
is one filled with water from a/an ___________.
a) ocean
b) rainfall
c) stream
d) well

How is the brain protected from injury?
a. It is enclosed with water. c. It is enclosed with cartilage.
b. It is enclosed with ribs. d. It is enclosed with a skull.
Suggestion:
How is the brain protected from injury?
It is enclosed with _____ .
a. water c. cartilage
b. ribs d. skull

8. The Philippines is called “Gateway to the
East” because
A. it is an archipelago
B. it is located in Southeast Asia
C. it has strategic location
D. it is rich in resources

8. The Philippines is called “Gateway to the East” because
A. it is an archipelago
B. it is located in Southeast Asia
C. it has strategic location
D. it is rich in resources
8. The Philippines is called “Gateway to the East” because it is
____________.
A. an archipelago
B. rich in resources
C. in a strategic location
D. located in Southeast Asia

When the number of bacteria and other decomposers in an aquatic
environment increases, these microorganisms consume most of the
oxygen available in that aquatic environment. On the other hand,
oxygen-dependent organisms such as fish die because of suffocation
due to the depletion of their oxygen supply. This water-relate problem
is known as __________________.
a. ocean pollution
b. eutrophication
c. sedimentation
d. red-tide

Poor
These four pictures show
A. heat and light
B. heating and sound
C. light and sound
D. sounds and colorful
Better
These four pictures show
A. heat and light
B. heat and sound
C. light and sound
D. sound and color

“all of the above”
automatically produces
over lapping alternatives

(1.) Who was dancing in the story?
A. Jane was dancing.
B. Mary was dancing.
C. Jill was dancing.
D. All the ladies were dancing.

The rock cycle begins with
A. Igneous rock
B. Sedimentary rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Any of the types of rock
E. None of the above

numbers in order
Two dice are tossed. How many possible outcomes are
there?
A) 12
B) 24
C) 36
D) 42

dates in chronological order
In what year did the Japanese bomb the American base at
Pearl Harbor?
a) 1939
b) 1940
c) 1941
d) 1942

• Lines from a passage should be
arranged in order they appear in
the passage
• if nothing else, others in length
(pyramiding) --not vital, last
choice

if nothing else, others in length
(pyramiding) not vital, last choice

Which of the following statements is false in dividing
polynomials?
A. Arrange each polynomial in descending powers.
B. It follows the cycle: divide, multiply, subtract and bring
down the next term.
C. The degree of the remainder is greater than the
degree of the divisor.
D. None of the above.

WRITE-SHOP
1. Write a 5-item Multiple Choice.
2.Apply the principles in constructing
such type of test.
3.Include the test directions, total
number of points and the answer key.
4.Identify the level of thinking required
in each item based on Bloom’s
taxonomy.

Problem-solvingitems
This kind of test item
is classified as a
subjective type of
item due to the
procedures used to
score item responses.

Instructors can assign full
or partial credit to either
correct or incorrect
solutions depending on
the quality and kind of
work procedures
presented.

Advantages:
• minimize guessing by requiring the
students to provide an original
response rather than to select
from several alternatives.
• are easier to construct than are
multiple-choice or matching
items.

Advantages:
• can most appropriately measure
learning objectives which focus on
the ability to apply skills or knowledge
in the solution of problems.
• can measure an extensive amount of
content or a large number of
learning objectives.

Limitations:
• generally provide low test and low scorer
reliability.
• require an extensive amount of instructor time
to read and grade.
• generally do not provide an objective measure
of student achievement or ability (subject to
bias on the part of the grader when partial
credit is given).

1
Clearly identify and
explain the problem

1 Clearly identify and explain the problem
Undesirable: During a car crash, the car slows down at
the rate of 490 m/sec2. What is the magnitude and
direction of the force acting on a 100-kg driver?
Desirable: During a car crash, the car slows down at the
rate of 490 m/sec2. Using the car as a frame of
reference, what is the magnitude and direction of the
gram force acting on a 100-kg driver?

2
Provide directions which
clearly inform the student
of the type of response
called for

2 Provide directions which clearly inform the
student of the type of response called for
Undesirable: An American tourist in Paris finds
that he weighs 70 kilograms. When he left the
United States he weighed 144 pounds. What was
his net change in weight?
Desirable: An American tourist in Paris finds that
he weighs 70 kilograms. When he left the United
States he weighed 144 pounds. What was his net
weight change in pounds?

3
State in the directions whether
or not the student must show
his/her work procedures for
full or partial credit

3
State in the directions whether or not the student must
show his/her work procedures for full or partial credit
Undesirable: A double concave lens is made of glass
with n = 1.50. If the radii of curvature of the two lens
surfaces are both 30.0 cm, what is the focal length of
the lens?
Desirable: A double concave lens is made of glass with
n = 1.50. If the radii of curvature of the two lens
surfaces are both 30.0 cm, what is the focal length of
the lens? Show your work to receive full or partial
credit.

4
Clearly separate item parts and
indicate their point values. Decide
in advance how incorrect answers
in earlier steps of a problem will
affect the score on later steps

4
Clearly separate item parts and indicate their point values. Decide in
advance how incorrect answers in earlier steps of a problem will affect
the score on later steps
A man leaves his home and drives to a convention at an
average rate of 50 miles per hour. Upon arrival, he finds a
telegram advising him to return at once. He catches a plane
that takes him back at an average rate of 300 miles per
hour.

4
hour.
Undesirable: If the total traveling time was 1 3/4 hours, how
long did it take him to fly back? How far from his home was
the convention?

4
hour.
Desirable: If the total traveling time was 1 3/4 hours:
• How long did it take him to fly back? (1 pt.)
• How far from his home was the convention? (1 pt.)
• Show your work for full or partial credit.

5
Use figures, conditions
and situations which
create a realistic problem

5
Use figures, conditions and situations which create a realistic
problem
Undesirable: An automobile weighing 2,840 N (about
640 pounds) is traveling at a speed of 300 miles per
hour. What is the car's kinetic energy? Show your
work. (2 pts.)
Desirable: An automobile weighing 14,200 N (about
3200 pounds) is traveling at a speed of 12m/sec. What
is the car's kinetic energy? Show your work. (2 pts.)

6
Ask questions that elicit responses
on which experts could agree that
one solution and one or more
work procedures are better than
others

7
Work through each problem
before classroom
administration to double-check
accuracy

Increase
objectivity
IN PROBLEM – SOLVING SCORING
5 Ways to

Provide a
scoring
plan or
attribute

Have a policy
on irrelevant
answers,
errors

Write a 2-item Problem-Solving Test
1. Construct a sample/model answer.
2. Specify the attributes to be scored and the
number of points for each attribute.
3. Identify the level of thinking required in each
item based on Bloom’s taxonomy.
WRITE-SHOP

references
Raagas, Ester L . (2010). Assessment and Evaluation of Student
Learning: Concepts and Applications (3rd edition) by Ester L.
Raagas, ELR DATStat Analysis Center, Cagayan de Oro
City.
http://www.utexas.edu/academic/mec/research/pdf/oldhtmlfiles/m
ultichoiceexamhandout.html
http://web.utk.edu/~mccay/apdm/plan/plan_b.htm

Constructing Test Questions and the Table of Specifications (TOS)

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Constructing Test Questions and the Table of Specifications (TOS)