3. Are you fluent?
1. Take poll on website.
DISCUSS IN THREES:
1. How did you decide on your answer?
2. Did you feel your answer was more complex
than provided for by the voting format? In
what way?
7. • “Cognitive fluency refers to the efficiency of the
speaker’s underlying processes responsible for
fluency-relevant features of utterances…”
(Segalowitz, 2010, p. 50)
• “Utterance fluency refers to the oral features of
utterances that reflect the operation of
underlying cognitive processes…” (ibid.)
• “Perceived fluency is the fluency that is ascribed
by a listener to a speaker, based on impressions
drawn from hearing speech samples produced by
the speaker” (Segalowitz, 2010, p. 49)
9. Levelt’s model of speech production
• Conceptualization
• Formulation
• Articulation
• Self-monitoring
• - Levelt, W.J.M. (1989) Speaking: From
Intention to Articulation
Part of cognitive fluency
16. Where did the fluency breakdown
occur?
• Conceptualization
• Formulation
• Articulation
• Self-monitoring
• - Levelt, W.J.M. (1989) Speaking: From
Intention to Articulation
18. What causes fluency breakdowns?
• Reflect on both the ‘Friends’ clip and the
‘Tarzan’ comic strip: What inferences about
causes of ‘dysfluencies’ in speech can be
drawn?
• (Hint: Think about the opposite –
situations/occasions in which you are usually
quite fluent.)
20. • Main Entry: flu·ent
Pronunciation: 'flü-ent
Function: adjective
Etymology: Latin fluent-, fluens, present participle of fluere
1 a : capable of flowing : FLUID b : capable of moving with
ease and grace <the fluent body of a dancer>
2 a : ready or facile in speech <fluent in Spanish> b :
effortlessly smooth and rapid : POLISHED <a fluent
performance>
- flu·ent·ly adverb
21. • Main Entry: flu·ent
Pronunciation: 'flü-&nt
Function: adjective
Etymology: Latin fluent-, fluens, present participle of fluere
1 a : capable of flowing : FLUID b : capable of moving with
ease and grace <the fluent body of a dancer>
2 a : ready or facile in speech <fluent in Spanish> b :
effortlessly smooth and rapid : POLISHED <a fluent
performance>
- flu·ent·ly adverb
22. • Main Entry: ready
Pronunciation: 're-dE
Function: adjective
Inflected Form(s): read·i·er; -est
1 a : prepared mentally or physically for some
experience or action b : prepared for
immediate use <dinner is ready>
2 : immediately available <had ready cash>
23. Fluency = ‘Readiness’
• Main Entry: ready
Pronunciation: 're-dE
Function: adjective
Inflected Form(s): read·i·er; -est
1 a : prepared mentally or physically for some
experience or action b : prepared for
immediate use <dinner is ready>
2 : immediately available <had ready cash>
Any deficiency in any of these elements
may cause dysfluencies.
24. Your turn!
• Remember that this can also be a vocabulary-
building exercise. Don’t be afraid to ‘stretch’!
25. Summary for Week 1
• It is important to define what ‘fluency’ in spoken
language means.
• Fluency is not related to ‘native’-ness.
• Fluency is (minimally) broken down into cognitive
fluency, utterance fluency, and perceived fluency.
Each of these, in turn, may be influenced by a great
number of variables.
• Fluency can be thought of as ‘readiness’, on different
levels: mentally/emotionally prepared, knowing what
to say and how to say it (‘prepared’ utterances), and
having what to say ‘at the ready’ (i.e. automaticity).
27. Homework
1. TODAY: Complete personal survey on
www.drronmartinez.com (“Oral IV: About
YOU”) – takes about 10 minutes.
2. Read Radajurai (2007) article on
‘intelligibility’ (online), answer questions
about the article (online), and bring your
answers to class on Monday.
3. Watch Jackie Chan clip (online), answer
questions (online), and bring notes to class.