HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIS EDUCATION
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When we talk about LIS education, we’re talking about providing education for a professional career in libraries, with all the traits the word ‘profession’ implies: professionalism, prolonged training, and formal education. This type of education wasn’t always the case however; it developed as the librarian profession did. In fact, the creation of library schools had a direct impact on making librarianship a professional career in the first place.
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIS EDUCATION
- 1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIS EDUCATION BY: RODRIGO B. SUMUOB JR.
- 2. OBJECTIVE To appreciate the development of LIS Its foundation (1880-1960), and The emerging of library and information science as field.
- 3. Library and Information Science (LIS) Is an interdisciplinary domain concerned with the creation, management, and uses of information in all its forms (Estabrook, 2010). Is a profession that is full of people passionate about making a positive change in the world and they tend to be wildly happy about what they do (University of Washington, 2017).
- 4. Focus of LIS LIS • Representations of information • Documentary evidence of civilization • Technologies and organizations
- 5. The Domain of LIS LI S Information Science Social Science Library Science
- 6. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) LIBRARY SCIENCE o is the field of study that teaches how to manage books and other information, particularly through collecting, preserving, and organizing books and other materials in libraries. (www.bestmastersdegrees.com)
- 7. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) The nineteenth century was a productive period for the development of tools for organizing information. William Frederick Poole’s (1821–1894) Index to Periodical Literature, begun in 1848, and several important indexing and abstracting services, among them Index Medicus (1879) and Engineering Index (1896). The Library of Congress Classification and Dewey Decimal Classification
- 8. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) 1887 Library science took the first step from education. Melvil Dewey created the School of Library Economy at Columbia University Lynch and Markey. Library Science focused on history and bibliography— the description and classification of recorded knowledge.
- 9. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) 1923 Charles C. Williamson, Training for Library Service is often credited with bringing about the changes necessary for library science to become a mature academic field. 1926 Carnegie Corporation provided funding to create The Graduate Library School (GLS) at the University of Chicago It was the first such program to offer a doctoral program and played a significant role in opening the field to change during the 1930s. Library science became more interdisciplinary and began to develop deeper theoretical foundations and more substantive research. 1941 Bernard Berelson received his doctoral degree from the GLS in 1941
- 10. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) INFORMATION SCIENCE o Harold Borko stated it “is that discipline that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the forces governing the flow of information, and the means of processing information for optimum accessibility and usability.”
- 11. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) Paul Otlet –is credited with identifying the field of documentation. with Henri La Fontaine, Otlet founded the Institut International de Bibliographie in 1895 and created the multilingual Universal Decimal Classification (1905).
- 12. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) Information science historians often credit two researchers with post-World War II advances in their field. • Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), described his conception of the memex system, outlined in “As We May Think.” • Claude Shannon (1916–2001), whose 1948 paper “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”
- 13. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) COMMUNICATION o Literacy, book history, reading—tools for communicating history, culture, and information—have always been inextricably connected to libraries. o By 19th century, librarians were considering their role in communicating with users, not just conserving materials. Lesikar (1999) says that “communication is the ingredient which makes organization possible”.
- 14. FOUNDATIONS OF LIS (1880-1960) 1876, Samuel Green (1837–1918), director of the Worcester Free Public Library, presented a paper entitled “The Desireableness of Establishing Personal Intercourse and Relations between Librarian and Reader in Popular Libraries.” 1955, Western Reserve University created the Center for Documentation and Communication Research with an explicit intention to bring those two disciplines— information science and communications—together. Allen Kent, became Associate Director of the Center, performing important experiments in information retrieval.
- 15. EMERGENCE OF LIS 40 years of the twentieth century Library and Information Science theory and research merged. 1960s, works like Marshall McLuhan’s Gutenberg Galaxy (1962) and Fritz Machlup’s The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, (1962) encouraged public imagination about the role of information in society.
- 16. EMERGENCE OF LIS 1960s, two U.S. LIS schools developed research centers: Library Research Center at the University of Illinois (1961) and the Institute of Library Research at the University of California (1964). University of Sheffield, England, the Centre for Research in User Studies (CRUS) within the Postgraduate School of Librarianship and Information Studies (1976).
- 17. EMERGENCE OF LIS Federal funding for doctoral studies in LIS and for research in both library and information science increased dramatically beginning in the 1960s. Over less than a decade the profile of LIS faculty shifted dramatically with an increasing number holding doctoral degrees and actively engaged in research.
- 18. EMERGENCE OF LIS Some of the leading post-World War II information scientists left government, business, and industry for faculty positions in LIS. Allen Kent’s association with Case Western and Pittsburgh Universities other examples are: Robert Hayes (1926–), President of Advanced Information Systems joining the University of California at Los Angeles’s faculty; Pauline Cochrane’s (1929–) move from the American Institute of Physics to Syracuse University (1966); and F.W. Lancaster’s (1933–) recruitment to the University of Illinois in 1970 after experience with the Cranfield Experiments (1962) and the MEDLARS Evaluation Project of the National Library of Medicine (1965–1968).
- 19. EMERGENCE OF LIS 1970s many of the schools, formerly considered “library schools” added the word information to their name and broadened their curricula. In 1968 the American Documentation Institute became the American Society for Information Science.
- 20. Robert S. Taylor • 1972 became dean of what is now the School of Information Studies at Syracuse University, led the evolution of LIS from a library-centered field to one revolves around the cycle of information transfer.
- 21. The information transfer cycle System of Information Transfer Organization Preservation Management Regulation Retrieval DistributionUse Creation Instantiation Communication Acquisition
- 22. Thank you so much for listening!!
- 23. References http://www.bestmastersdegrees.com/best-masters-degrees-faq/what-is-library- science Lesikar, R.V., Pettit, J.D., & Darsey, N.S. (1999). Communication in business. London: Longman. Rubin, R.E. (2010). Foundations of library and information science. Third edition. New York: Neal-Schuman. Estabrook, L.S. (2010). “Library and information science”. Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science. pp. 3287- 3292.
Notas do Editor
- When we talk about LIS education, we’re talking about providing education for a professional career in libraries, with all the traits the word ‘profession’ implies: professionalism, prolonged training, and formal education. This type of education wasn’t always the case however; it developed as the librarian profession did. In fact, the creation of library schools had a direct impact on making librarianship a professional career in the first place.
- Through which information becomes accessible.
- The first, library science, has sought to solve the problems of organizing and providing access to collections of materials. The second, information science, seeks to understand the properties of information and how to manage it. Aspects of the field of communication, always a part of the first two, became intertwined with both as library science and information science matured and increasingly intersected with one another.
- The field of LIS can be characterized as “userfocused.” The concern is not just for the isolated information artifact—e.g., data, reports, books, video, and museum objects. Instead, the social and technical systems that make recorded knowledge available and useful to the people who want or need it—or even happen upon it—are considered.
- The Library of Congress Classification and Dewey Decimal Classification systems were developed in the late nineteenth century to help manage the growth of library collections. By the early twentieth century, the Library of Congress published catalog records from their collections for use by other libraries, a practice that encouraged standardization in library practice and contributed to the possibilities of automating library work.
- Melville Dewey was the most prominent early force in developing librarianship as a profession. After his development of the Dewey Decimal System during his tenure at Amherst College, He founded and became the first president of the American Library Association (ALA). The creation of a professional organization for librarians prompted the creation of the first recognizable library schools. After Dewey was established as the head librarian at Columbia University, the first library school, the School of Library Economy, was opened in January 1887 with two men and seventeen women as its first class. Training took three months, with an internship that lasted up to two years. These areas remain the primary focus of library science in many countries, particularly those countries formerly associated with the Soviet Union.
- The 1923 Williamson Report (headed by C.C. Williamson) profoundly influenced the direction of LIS education. The report advocated librarian training as not simply training, but a professional degree best preceded by a college education. In 1926, the Graduate Library School at the University of Chicago created the first doctoral program in ‘library science’ and by 1950, most library schools were offering the MLS.
- Information Science is concerned with information itself and its representations—what information is; how to represent it; how to understand its functions; how it is used; and how to design systems to organize, classify, and retrieve information. Historically, much of the work of information science was concerned with scientific, technical, and medical information.
- Both were created to provide universal access to all recorded knowledge, to support Otlet’s ambition to promote world peace. The UDC is the world's foremost multilingual classification scheme for all fields of knowledge and a sophisticated indexing and retrieval tool.
- The system of Bush, was intended to make human knowledge easily and widely accessible. The paper of Shannon, provided the foundation for information scientists seeking to quantify information and to understand its properties.
- Communication is central to library services. In libraries worldwide, communication is used to modify behavior and achieve productivity, and meet goals. Communication is the chief means through which an organization or its members influence or react to one another. The success of any library depends not only on having qualified personnel but also on the interaction among them. To achieve its objectives, libraries must have effective communication systems.
- Named following functions: • Instruct reader in ways of the library • Assist readers in solving their inquiries • Aid the reader in selection of works • Promote the library within the community
- It was a time of rapid technological development that made more complex both managing information and making it accessible. The problems of classifying and organizing data, of creating tools for retrieval and of designing them so they could be used became the concern of many other researchers disconnected from the LIS community. Responses by a number of the U.S. and European library schools to this implicit challenge became important to LIS development.
- Each provided research opportunities for faculty and student. Also provided a similar foundation.
- Most significant for what LIS has become today was not, however, the addition of information science to the library science curriculum, but LIS’s shift away from a focus on libraries and scholarly communication to one on information.
- In this model LIS is concerned with all of the processes and institutions that finally make recorded knowledge available and accessible. It means a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order. Transfer of information from its generation to its end user becomes possible through many processes. The meaning of information cycle relates to that unit of knowledge from where the information is generated and then transmitted to the users with the state of various processes. The whole process of information from its creation to its use is called the information cycle.
- Today, LIS curriculum is constantly under development, and the MLIS in its current form is not always agreed-upon as the standard for the profession. No doubt the educational standards for librarians will continue to evolve as the needs of the profession evolve.