5. Types
of
experiment:
trends
from
1999
to
2011
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1999
(PEARL)
2002 2005 2008 2011
Strain scanning: welds
Strain scanning: other
In-situ loading, room
temperature
In-situ loading, high
temperature
Other in-situ
processes
Physics of neutron
measurement
In-situ loading, cryo-
temperature
Shareofuserexperimenttime
6. From
materials
to
processes
Magnetic fields
Electrochemical reactions
Mechanical deformation
Heat treatment
Phase transformations
Welding
Fuel cells
Corrosion
Shape memory alloys
Material forming
7. Stressrig
(up
to
100kN)
Cryostat
Down
to
-‐200C
Optical
furnace
Up
to
1100C
Resistance
furnace
(small
samples,
up
to
~1600C)
Sample
environments
for
in-‐
situ
tests
Ceramic
heating
pads
(larger
samples)
8. In-‐situ
heat
treatment
Linear
weld
Ni
superalloy
Circumferential
pipe
weld
Single
crystal
Ni
superalloy
Anna
Paradowska
demonstrates
proof
of
principle
James
Rolph
et
al.
Comptes
Rendus
Physique
13(3):307–
15.
(2012)
Bo
Chen
et
al.
Acta
Materialia
submitted
(2013)
See
γ’
misfit
as
function
of
temperature
9. In-‐situ
heat
treatment
of
pipe
weld
2.865
2.87
2.875
2.88
2.885
2.89
2.895
2.9
0 200 400 600 800
Atomic
la*ce
spacing
/
Å
Temperature
/
°C
Weld... Stress-‐free
reference...
Hea8ng Hea8ng
Cooling Cooling
Bo
Chen,
Alexandros
Skouras,
Yiqiang
Wang,
Joe
Kelleher,
Shu
Yan
Zhang,
David
Smith,
Peter
Flewitt,
Martyn
Pavier
10. Cyclic
voltage
on
PZT
ferroelectric
100
MPa
applied
Zero
load
The
MANTID
platform
§ Data
reduction
and
visualisation
for
all
ISIS
instruments
§ Supports
event
mode
and
stroboscopic
data
David
Hall,
2013
Loading
direction
Transverse
direction
500
V
/
mm
AC
electric
field
Cyclic
electric
field
causes
straining
of
poled
PZT,
but
applied
load
depoles
the
PZT
Plots
show
difference
between
+
and
–
half-‐cycles
–
+
13. Practical
considerations
• Sample
environment
– Sufficiently
non-‐interacting
with
neutron
beam
– ‘Contains’
the
process
for
steady-‐state,
safety
• Timing
for
dynamic
effects
– Synchronise
clocks
or
use
trigger
pulses
– Get
event
mode
acquisition
to
collect
other
data
• Can
we
record
more
than
just
the
neutron
data?
14. Supplementary
analytical
methods
Things
that
might
change
in
a
process
• Mechanical
deformation,
stress
and
strain
• Material
‘damage’
• Phase
changes
• Diffusion
• Temperature
Methods
that
might
reveal
these
changes
• Image
correlation
• Acoustic
emission
• Thermoelastography
• Dilatometry
• Calorimetry
• Ultrasonic
and
magnetic
methods
• Sometimes
possible
to
measure
these
‘for
free’
with
existing
sensors
15. Full-‐spectrum
imaging
• Neutron
detectors
not
intrinsically
sensitive
to
wavelength,
but
to
time
of
detection
– …hence
velocity,
hence
wavelength
• Each
pixel
of
a
2D
detector
can
record
a
full
wavelength
spectrum
• We
can
thus
see
both
spatial
and
temporal
variation
in
several
physical
parameters
16. Time-‐of-‐Klight
neutron
imaging
for
in-‐situ
studies
Bragg
edges
show
crystal
structure
–
how
those
atoms
are
arranged
Resonance
peaks
show
which
atoms/
isotopes
present
Wavelength
Detected
intensity
Height
→
Texture
Height
→
Concentration
Width
→
Temperature
Position
→
Strain
17. Steven
Peetermans
&
Joe
Kelleher
(2013)
17
Transmission
spectrum
from
single
crystal
Σabs+Σinc+Σinel,coh
Σel,coh
Position = Orientation
and strain
Width = Mosaicity
18. Conclusion:
Some
future
directions?
• Broader
array
of
sensing
and
actuation
on
beamlines
–
Users
won’t
need
to
bring
their
own
• Flexible
data
chopping
with
event
mode
– Especially
cyclic
or
highly
dynamic
processes
• Sensor
/
actuator
bus
for
real
time
measurement
and
control
(e.g.
CANBUS
for
vehicles)
