malaria prevention awareness

1. WORLD MALARIA DAY
2023

2. INTRODUCTION
Transmitted in 87 countries containing 3 billion people
Malaria is a protozoan disease (genus plasmodium)
Transmission - bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Human malaria is caused by 6 species-
● P.falciparum
● P vivax
● 2 morphologically identical sympatric species of P ovale (curtisi and wallikeri)
● P malariae
● P knowlesi

3. INTRODUCTION
Falciparum malaria - deaths
P knowlesi and P vivax - severe illness
It is a heavy burden on tropical communities, a threat to non-endemic countries and a danger
to travelers.
There has to be substantial investment aimed at increasing access to accurate diagnosis,
effective treatments and insecticide treated bed nets.

5. Clinical diagnosis
Non specific symptoms :-
● Malaise
● Headache (no neck stiffness and photophobia)
● Abdominal discomfort
● Muscle aches (not as severe as in dengue and non tender)
● Fever spikes, chills and rigors at regular intervals- unusual
❏ Nausea, vomiting, orthostatic hypotension
❏ Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, mild anemia and jaundice may develop

6. Severe falciparum malaria-
● Impaired consciousness / coma,
● Severe normocytic anemia,
● Renal failure ,
● Pulmonary edema,
● ARDS,
● Circulatory shock ,
● DIC,
● Spontaneous bleeding,
● Acidosis,
● Hemoglobinuria (black water fever )
● Jaundice
● Repeated generalized convulsions
● Parasitemia level >5%

7. Diagnosis
● Peripheral smear examination
● Quantitative buffy coat examination
● Immunochromatographic test
● Molecular diagnostics

8. Other laboratory tests
● Normocytic anemia in P falciparum
● Thrombocytopenia in P falciparum, vivax, knowlesi
● Wbc normal
● Lft -indirect hyperbilirubinemia
● Rft normal
● PT/APTT abnormal —DIC

11. Roadmap to eliminate malaria in India
● India launched the National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958 and over time achieved
great progress in reducing the number of Malaria cases each year.
● In November 2015, the Prime Minister of India pledged to achieve the goal of eliminating
malaria from the nation by 2027.
● Government of India has developed a National Framework for Malaria Elimination (2016-2030)
and a National Strategic Plan (NSP, 2017-2022) with the aim to eliminate malaria in all Category
1 and 2 districts by 2022. In Category 3 or the highest transmission districts, the target is to
bring them under a pre-elimination and elimination programme by 2022.

12. Preventive Measures
● Avoidance of exposure at their peak feeding times (dusk to dawn)
● Insect repellents containing 10-35% DEET (or 7% picaridin)
● Suitable clothing
● Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs)---pyrethroids + piperonyl butoxide
● Elimination of P falciparum—- mass treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine
● Environmental modifications