Hyyy

1. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Department of Textile Technology
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MILITARY CLOTHING
SUBMITTED BY
Arka Das
Akhilesh Maurya
Submitted to
Prof. Deepti Gupta

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Military clothing is the clothing that gives protection against
environment, camouflage, specific battlefield threats, flames,
heat and flash, insects, chemical and the ergonomic
considerations to maintain physical comfort properties.
So we require lightweight, compact, durable, and high
performance fabric made of woven, knitted, nonwoven, coated,
laminated, or other composite.
Military Clothing

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Designing Process of Military Clothing
Understanding types of hazards or threats
Defining product subsystems
Determining requirements
Evaluation of alternatives for material selection, &
 Ultimately verification of the design, as well as the
individual materials.

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Criteria For Modern Military Textile Materials
Physical requirement,
Environmental requirement,
Camouflage, concealment and deception requirement,
Specific battlefield hazards,
Requirement for flames, heat and flash protection,
Economic considerations.

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Physical Requirement

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Environmental Requirement

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Camouflage, Concealment and Deception requirement

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Requirement for Flames, Heat and Flash Protection

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Specific Battlefield Hazards

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Economic Considerations

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USE OF TEXTILE IN SEVERAL MILITARY APPLICATION
1. THERMAL INSULATION
2. WATER VAPOUR PERMEABLE/WATERPROOF MATERIALS
3. FLAME-RETARDANT, HEAT PROTECTIVE TEXTILES:
4. BALLISTIC PROTECTIVE MATERIALS
5. BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WARFARE PROTECTION
6. MILITARY CAMOUFLAGE

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THERMAL INSULATION
We have to make clothing material light weight and bulky that
gives high insulation property and thermal comfort.
The cold/wet regions tend to cause the most severe problems, as it is
necessary to provide and maintain dry thermal insulation materials.
The cold/dry areas, including the arctic, Antarctic, and mountainous
regions require the carriage and use of clothing, sleeping bags, and other
personal equipment which possess high levels of thermal insulation.

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COLD ENVIRONMENTS
 Insulation is important.
 A ideal fabric should be low weight, low volume and highly insulative.
 An efficient insulator will be composed of about 10–20% of fibre and 80–
90% of air.
 US Army’s new Generation III Extended Cold Weather Clothing System
(ECWCS) seven-layer,
 A Polartec® Thermal Pro® fleece jacket; a nylon/spandex wind jacket; a
soft shell jacket and trousers using Nextec® fabric; an extended
polytetra-fluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane, Gore-Tex® wet weather
jacket and trousers; and a Primaloft® insulated loft parka and trousers

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INSULATION EFFIENCY
Military men need fabric with high insulation efficiency i.e.
highest insulation value at the lowest weight and thickness.

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EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON INSULATION
Moisture plays a great roll in
thermal insulation properties
of material. If moisture
presents, the air of low
thermal conductivity is
replaced by water of high
conductivity. The presence of
10–20% by weight of moisture
is sufficient to cause up to
50% loss in the dry insulation
value.
The reflective metallised insulation materials appear on the
market.

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Water Vapour Permeable/Waterproof Materials
 waterproof materials which allow free passage of water vapour
(perspiration).
 High density woven fabrics : Are typified by Ventile cotton fabric.
 Microporous coatings and films: membranes having microporous
voids of pore sizes from 0.1–5mm. Example, Gore-Tex®, utilises a
microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane.
 Hydrophilic solid coatings and films: the hydrophilic products are
continuous pore/free solid films. Diffusion of water vapour is
achieved by the incorporation of hydrophilic functional groups into
the polymer such as -O-, CO-, -OH, or -NH2 in a block copolymer.

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FLAME-RETARDANT, HEAT PROTECTIVE TEXTILES
There is a unique difference between civilian and military
fire events. The majority of civilian fires are accidental
events, whereas the majority of military fires are
deliberate, planned events specifically intended to destroy
equipment and installations, or to maim and kill human life.
Military textile materials are often the first materials to
ignite. These propagate small fires leading rapidly to large
conflagrations.

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FLAME-RETARDANT, HEAT PROTECTIVE TEXTILES

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Requirement of flame retardant material in textile
1. Prevent the outer clothing and equipment catching fire by
the use of flameretardant, self-extinguishing textiles.
2. Prevent conducted or radiated heat reaching the skin by
providing several layers of thermal insulation or air gaps.
3. Minimise the evolution of toxic fumes and smoke in confined
spaces by careful choice of materials. This is mainly a hazard
posed by clothing and textiles in bulk storage.
4. Prevent clothing in contact with the skin melting, by avoiding
thermoplastic fibres such as nylon, polyester, polyolefins, and
polyvinylidene chloride.
FLAME-RETARDANT, HEAT PROTECTIVE TEXTILES

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Fabric for flame resistance
FLAME-RETARDANT, HEAT PROTECTIVE TEXTILES

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BALLISTIC PROTECTION
Ballistic-resistant materials for military purposes presently
fall into three general categories:
1. garments, such as vests.
2. helmets.
3. vehicle and structural reinforcement.

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BALLISTIC PROTECTIVE MATERIALS
Levels of Protection

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BALLISTIC PROTECTIVE MATERIALS

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FABRIC TYPES AND COMPOSITIONS
Majority of ballistic fabrics are of a coarse loose plain-woven
construction
Many layers, typically between 5 and 20, to produce a ballistic
pack which will perform adequately
Each body armour layer is allowed
to move independently, the pack
is secured by stitching quilting
lines or squares to maintain a
degree of flexibility.

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BODY ARMOUR
Armour needs to protect from bullets, fragmentation, knives,
armour piercing threats, and more.
The soldier also needs protection from impacts and blunt
force trauma.
armour needs to be flexible enough to enable the soldiers to
be mobile and to fire their weapons.

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HARD BODY ARMOUR
 Lightweight hard armour plates typically consist of a ceramic face
supported by a fiber-reinforced composite.
 The lightest ceramic component is manufactured from boron carbide
(B4C).
 Composite backing materials are characteristically manufactured
using para-aramid, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, and glass
fiber.
 Honeywell (USA) developed Spectra Shield® by lining up the fibers
parallel to one another, then binding them together with a resin.
 Layers are fused to form a composite that lines the back of a hard
ceramic plate, thus reducing its weight and increasing performance

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SOFT BODY ARMOUR
Ideal fibers should have high tensile and compressive modulus, high tensile
and compressive strength, high damage tolerance, and low specific weight.
Soft body armour usually has a shell covering the ballistic filler.
Para-aramid (e.g. Kevlar®, Twaron®) and ultrahigh molecular weight
polyethylene (e.g. Spectra®, Dyneema®).
Para-aramids such as Kevlar® are five times stronger than steel while
Spectra® 2000 is ten times stronger than steel.
The Interceptor Body armour (IBA) soft body armour is manufactured with
Cordura® as the shell covering, and Kevlar® and/or Twaron® as the ballistic
filler.

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CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE PROTECTION
 A chemical and biological defense (CBD) system needs to protect
against chemical liquids, vapors, and bioaerosols.
 Classic CBD materials are based upon butyl rubber and activated
carbon.
 Because of extremely high adsorptive properties, activated carbon is
widely used in CBD systems to adsorb chemical vapors as well as
odors.
 LANX Fabric Systems TM (USA) manufactures the Chemical
Protective Undergarment (CPU), and it provides vapor and aerosol
protection.

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Typical effects of toxic chemicals, microorganisms, and toxins on
human are tabulated in the following table:

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Method of crypsis (hiding).
Used to overcome the contrast of an object and its surroundings.
Pattern are designed to mimic woodland and desert backgrounds
MILITARY CAMOUFLAGE

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By incorporating
different types of
coating layer
By modifying the
weave of the textile
By using different
print pattern or dye
By using
themochromic
/photochromic
colorants
Approaches in
making
Camouflage
Textile

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NIR Camouflage:
Objects are seen by their reflections
various metal oxides together with a mixture of N,N`-bis(2-
aminoethyl )perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide and/or (5,5`-
dichloro)indigo to obtain NIR camouflage patterns.
Many vat dyes based on an anthraquinone-benzanthrone-acridine
polycyclic ring system.
IR Camouflage:
The IR reflectance is increased by titanium white, decreased by
carbon black, and affected in various ways by
dyes, pigments, finishing, and after-treatments.
White and yellow pigments and organic reds have excellent Infrared
Reflecting Power (IRP) while most blue and black pigments have very
poor IRP due to traces of iron.

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LIMITATIONS
It is difficult to produce high durability textiles at low weight and
good thermal insulation at low bulk. Ballistic protection requires
the use of heavy, bulky, relatively inflexible materials.
Good snow-shedding properties are provided by flat continuous
filament fabrics which are not readily available in flame-retardant
forms.
Materials which offer ballistic protection against bullets and
bomb fragments, also offer high thermal insulation which causes
heat stress in the wearer.
it is more difficult to achieve NIR and FIR cover on the same
fabric.

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CONCLUSION
 A military uniform is a very Complex System.
 Understanding types of hazards or threats is the critical first step.
 New Research & development need to carried out.
 Surfaces of fibers have been chemically modified through surface
grafting chemistry.
 Exciting areas which continue to develop is that of electronic
textiles.

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Military Clothing Suppliers
Goyal Trading Company, New Delhi
Skylark Uniforms, Chennai
Naugra Export, Ambala
D.V SAHARAN & SON, Ludhiana
Roshan Military Store, Ludhiana
Richer Export Inc, Ludhiana
Music Valley Incorporation, New Delhi
Point Blank Range Private Limited, New Delhi

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 Military textiles, Eugene Wilusz, Woodhead Publishing
Limited, Cambridge, England, 2008.
 Textiles for protection, Richard A. Scott, Woodhead Publishing
Limited, Cambridge, England, 2005.
 Handbook of Technical Textiles, A R Horrocks and S C Anand, Woodhead
Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England, 2000.
 U.S Pat. No. 3,733,606 (1973).
 http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/army-clothes.html
References
 R.A. Scott, „Coated and laminated fabrics‟, in Chemistry of the Textile
Industry, ed. C M Carr, Blackie nAcademic and Professional, 1995, pp. 234–
243.
 K. Jussila et,al “Clothing Physiological Properties of the New Military Combat
Clothing and its Effect on Survivability and Performance in Long-Term Cold
Exposure”, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Aapistie 1, FI-90220 Oulu,
Finland

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THANK U!!!