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King2e ppt ch01
- 1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for
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1
Chapter 1
The Science of Psychology
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Chapter Preview
• Defining psychology and exploring its roots
• Contemporary approaches to psychology
• Psychology’s scientific method
• Types of psychological research
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Chapter Preview
• Research samples and settings
• Conducting ethical research
• Learning about psychology means learning
about you
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4
Definition of Psychology
• Scientific study of behavior and
mental processes
• Key terms
• Science
• Behavior
• Mental processes
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5
Figure 1.1 - Settings in Which
Psychologists Work
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6
Psychology’s Beginnings
• Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• German philosopher-physician
• First psychology laboratory (1879)
• Though he was not the first to study behaviors or
mental processes,
• He Was the first use of the scientific method in his lab
• So, he is considered the “FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY”
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Psychology’s beginnings
• William James (1842-1910)
• American psychologist and philosopher
• Was the first to borrow Wundt’s ideas and use the
scientific method in his US Psychology lab
• So, he is considered, “the father of American
Psychology”
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8
Contemporary Approaches
• Biological
• Behavioral
• Psychodynamic
• Humanistic
• Cognitive
• Evolutionary
• Sociocultural
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9
Biological Approach
• Focus on brain and nervous system
• Neuroscience
• Structure, function, development, genetics,
biochemistry of nervous system
• Brain and nervous system are central to
understanding behavior, thought, and emotion
• Try to move your right arm and left leg clockwise, while
also moving your left arm and right leg
counterclockwise
• Biology prevents us from doing some behaviors!
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10
Behavioral Approach
• Emphasis on observable behavioral responses
and their environmental determinants
• Notable behaviorists
• John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Imagine a kid in a store who throws a tantrum and
gets the candy they wanted. They have just learned
if they don’t get something, throw a tantrum and I’ll
get it. This is the behavioral approach
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11
Psychodynamic Approach
• Emphasis on:
• Unconscious impulses
• Conflict between biological drives and society
• Childhood family experiences
• Founding father:
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• He only gets the title “father of Psychodynamic
Psychology!”
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12
Humanistic Approach
• Emphasis on:
• Positive human qualities
• Capacity for positive growth
• Freedom to choose any destiny
• **the opposite of all things Freud stood for
with his Psychodynamic approach
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13
Cognitive Approach
• Emphasis on mental processes involved in
knowing
• How we:
• Direct attention
• Perceive, remember, think
• Solve problems
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Evolutionary Approach
• Use of evolutionary ideas such as:
• Adaptation
• Reproduction
• Natural selection
• Used as a basis for explaining specific human
behaviors
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15
Sociocultural Approach
• Examination of ways in which social and
cultural environments influence behavior
• Focus on comparisons of behavior across:
• Countries
• Ethnic and cultural groups within countries
• Think about how (what terms) you would use
to tell a story to your Grandmother versus
your best friend.
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16
Figure 1.3 - Steps in the Scientific
Method
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Scientific Method: Observation
• Choose a variable
• Phenomenon studied by scientists
• Anything that can change
• Develop a theory
• Idea that attempts to explain observations
• Seeks to explain why something happened
• Can be used to make predictions
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Scientific Method: Hypothesis
• Formulate a hypothesis
• Educated guess derived from theory
• Prediction that can be tested
• Can lend credibility to theory
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19
Scientific Method: Research
• Design study
• Establish an operational definition
• Objective description of variable
• Choose between design types
• Descriptive, correlational, experiment
• Implement study / Collect data
• Methods: Survey, observation, test data
• Analyze data &Number crunching
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Scientific Method: Conclusions
• Draw conclusions
• Is theory supported?
• Should theory be changed?
• Evaluate conclusions
• Publication and review
• Ongoing research process
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21
Types of Psychological Research
• Descriptive research
• Finding out about some variable
• Correlational research
• Discovering relationships between variables
• Experimental research
• Establishing causal relationships
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Descriptive Research
• Describing some phenomemon, without
answering questions of how and why
• Demographics of who (gender, age, education
level, etc.)
• Number of occurrences (how many times a day, a
year, in your life)
• What something is (what does it mean to you to
“date someone”?” – and you would describe what
that means to you)
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23
Correlational Research
• Examining whether and how variables are
related and change together
• Strength (accuracy of prediction of one variable by
knowing the other)
• Think no strength = guessing
• To strong strength = perfect predictions
• Direction (in which direction should you make the
prediction: same or opposite as other variable)
• Positive = same direction
• Negative = opposite direction
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Figure 1.4 - Scatter Plots Showing
Positive and Negative Correlations
- 25. Correlation coefficient
• Statistical representation of the correlation
• Represented with a lower case r
• r = + .75
• Strength interpreted by looking at the VALUE of
the number (in this case: .75)
• Closer to 1.00 = perfect.
• Closer to 0.00 = no strength
• Direction interpreted by looking at the sign in
front of the value (+ or -)
• + = positive
• - = negative
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26
Correlation and Causation
• Correlation ≠ causation
• Third variable problem
• Some other variable accounts for relationship
between two variables
• Third variables also called confounds
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27
Experimental Research
• Determining whether causal relationship
exists between variables
• Experiment
• Manipulation of one or more variables that are
believed to influence some other variable
• Random Assignment
• Researchers assign participants to groups by
chance (to minimize third variable problems)
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28
Experiments and Causation
• Random assignment helps establish causation
• Independent variables manipulated
• Dependent variables measured
• Experimental groups
• Experience manipulation
• Control groups
• Serve as baseline for comparison
- 29. “manipulating” the I.V.
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- 30. “manipulating” the I.V. Option 2
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31
Experimental Research: Bias
• Experimenter bias
• Demand characteristics
• Research participant bias
• Placebo effect
• Double-blind experiment
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32
Figure 1.5 - Psychology’s Research Methods
Applied to Studying Social Media Use
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Research Settings
• Laboratory research
• Control, but with some drawbacks
• Naturalistic observation
• Real-world setting
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APA Ethics Guidelines
• Informed consent
• Confidentiality
• Debriefing
• Deception
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35
Psychology and You
• Avoid generalizing based on little information
• Distinguish between group results and
individual needs
• Look for answers beyond a single study
• Avoid attributing causes where none have
been found
• Consider source of psychological information