Introduction to Research, Biostatistics, Introduction to Research: Need for research, Need for design of Experiments, Experiential Design Technique, plagiarism

1. Unit-III –
Introduction to Research
Ravinandan A P
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Sree Siddaganga College of
Pharmacy
Tumkur
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2. Presentation Outline……
1. Need for research
2. Need for design of Experiments
3. Experiential Design Technique
4. Plagiarism
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3. Research ???
• In simple it means a search for facts – answer to
questions ???...& solutions to problems
• It is a purposive investigation
• It is organized inquiry
• It seek to find explanations to unexplained
phenomenon to clarify the doubtful facts & to
correct the misconceived facts.
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4. The basic steps of research...
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Scientific and disciplined inquiry is an orderly
process, involving:
description and execution of
procedures to collection information
(“method”)
objective data analysis
statement of findings (“results”)
recognition and identification of a topic
to be studied (“problem”)

5. PROBLEM
METHOD
ANALYSIS
RESULT
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6. Motivation in research→ → →
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits.
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e., concern over
practical problems initiates research.
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work.
4. Desire to be of service to society.
5. Desire to get respectability.
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8. Need for design of Experiments
• Design of experiments (DOE) is a
systematic method to determine the
relationship between factors affecting a
process and the output of that process.
• In other words, it is used to find cause-
and-effect relationships.
• This information is needed to manage
process inputs in order to optimize the
output.
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9. Need for design of Experiments
(DOE)
• An understanding of DOE first requires
knowledge of some statistical tools and
experimentation concepts.
• DOE can be analyzed in many software
programs.
• It is important for practitioners to
understand basic DOE concepts for proper
application.
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10. Need for design of Experiments
• Design of Experiments (DOE) is an off-line
quality improvement methodology that
dramatically improves industrial products and
processes thus enhancing productivity and
reducing costs.
• Input factors are varied in a planned manner
to efficiently optimize output responses of
interest with minimal variability.
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11. Common DOE Terms and Concepts
• The most commonly used terms in the DOE
methodology include:
1. Controllable and uncontrollable input factors
2. Responses
3. Hypothesis testing
4. Blocking
5. Replication
6. Interaction
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14. Experiential Design Technique
• Experiential design is an evolving component in
event marketing for brands and cultural
institutions.
• It is fast becoming a value add-on for brands and
arts organizations in a number of ways.
• But not everybody understands the techniques.
• There are a lot of factors to consider when
choosing and designing an a physical experience
in-order for the entire event to become
memorable, a success.
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15. Experiential Design Technique
• An experimental design is a planned experiment to
determine, using a minimum number of
experimental runs, what factors have a significant
effect on a product response and/or variability in the
product response and how large the effect is in
order to find the optimum set of operating
conditions.
• In this example, our experimental design is a
planned experiment that is used to determine how
reactor temperature and residence time affect
purity so we can find the optimum operating
conditions.
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16. • A factor is a variable over which there is direct control. It is
the independent variable in statistical terms. In this example,
we have two factors: the reactor temperature and the
residence.
• The level of a factor refers to the value of the factor used in
an experimental run. The levels of residence time are 30
minutes and 90 minutes. The levels of temperature are 50°C
and 90°C.
• Qualitative factors are factors whose levels can not be
arranged in magnitude of order. Examples include different
shifts or different operators in a plant. Quantitative
factors are factors whose levels can be arranged in order of
magnitude. Reactor temperature and residence time are
examples of quantitative factors.
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18. • Fixed factors are factors whose levels in an experiment
are set at particular values.
• Both factors in our example are fixed.
• There are also random factors.
• Random factors are factors whose levels in an
experimental run are only randomly chosen samples
from a population of levels that could be included.
• For example, a raw material may contain an impurity
that may affect your process. Although you do not
have direct control over the impurity, you can
randomly select two different samples of the raw
material. The impurity is then a random factor.
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19. • A response is a variable whose value depends
upon the levels of the factors. It is the
dependent variable in statistical terms. In this
example, purity is the response.
• A discrete response is one that does not
produce a numerical value. This type of
response produces attributes data: yes/no or
counting.
• A continuous response does produce a
numerical value. Purity is a continuous
response.
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21. Plagiarism
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22. What is Plagiarism?
• There is no standard or agreed upon definition of plagiarism
• According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary plagiarism is an
“act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit
to that person”.
• Joy and Luck (1999) define plagiarism as “unacknowledged copying
of documents or programs that can occur in many contexts: in
industry a company may seek competitive advantage; in academia
academics may seek to publish their research in advance of their
colleagues”.
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23. Origin
• The word plagiarism is derived from the latin word
“plagiare”, which means to kidnap or abduct.
• Roman poet Martial (40 AD to somewhere between
102 and 104 AD) First used the latin word “plagiarus”
to describe a seemingly unnamed literary thief in his
poems.
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24. Elements characteristic of plagiarism.
According to T. Fishman, plagiarism occurs when
someone:
1. Uses words, ideas, or work products
2. Attributable to another identifiable person or source
3. Without attributing the work to the source from which
it was obtained
4. In a situation in which there is a legitimate
expectation of original authorship
5. In order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which
need not be monetary.
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25. What is considered as plagiarism?
1. Taking quotations or passages directly without citation.
2. Taking ideas without giving credit
3. Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a
source without giving credit
4. Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
5. Giving incorrect information about the source of information.
6. Copying so many words or ideas that it makes up the majority
of work, whether credit is given or not.
7. Taking work from previous work without reference to that
work
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26. Why people plagiarise?
1. Lack of Writing Skills.
2. Misconception/ ignorance of plagiarism.
3. Lack of strict academic discipline.
4. Lack of research methods skills.
5. Lack of referencing/citation skills.
6. Time factor.
7. Easily availability of reading materials/text on the internet.
8. Lack of knowledge or subject matter.
9. Lack of patience.
10.Cut-and-Paste culture in research and academic
community.
11.Sheer lethargy.
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31. Thank You
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