2. This focus on urgent problems is first captured by the
“Golden hour” catch phrase and is one of the most
important lessons of ATLS
3. Objectives:
To identify – the sequence of priorities in the early assessment of the
injured patient
To learn – the principle of triage in immediate management of the
injured patient
To apply- the principles of primary and secondary surveys in the
assessment and management of trauma
Techniques for the initial resuscitative and definitive care aspects of
trauma
To recognize-patients whose managements should differ from the
normal
4.
5. Basics of Trauma Assessment
Preparation
– Team Assembly
– Equipment Check
Triage
Primary Survey
Resuscitation
Secondary Survey
Monitoring and Evaluation, Secondary adjuncts
Transfer to Definitive Care
6. The steps in the ATLS principles:
Primary survey with simultaneous resuscitation : identify
and treat what is killing the patient
Secondary survey: proceed to identify all other injuries
Definitive care: develop a definitive management plan
7. TRIAGE
The process of categorizing victims of mass casualties
based on their need for treatment and the resources
available
MAIN GOALS :
Prevent avoidable deaths.
Ensure proper initial treatment with a
minimal time frame.
Avoid misusing assests on hopeless cases
10. PRIMARY SURVEY
What is the quick ,simple way to assess
the trauma patient in 10 seconds?
1. Airway is patent.
2. Breathing intact.
3. Good cerebral circulation
11. PRIMARY SURVEY
Airway and Protection of Spinal Cord
Breathing and Ventilation
Circulation
Disability
Exposure and Control of the Environment
12. PRIMARY SURVEY
Airway and Protection of Spinal Cord
Why first in the algorithm?
– Loss of airway can result in death in < 3 minutes
– Prolonged hypoxia = Inadequate perfusion, End-organ damage
Airway Assessment
– Vital Signs = RR, O2 sat
– Mental Status = Agitation, Coma
– Airway Patency = Secretions, Stridor, Obstruction
– Ventilation Status = Accessory muscle use, Retractions, Wheezing
13. PRIMARY SURVEY
Clinical
– Patients who are speaking normally generally do not have a need
for immediate airway management
– Hoarse or weak voice may indicate a subtle tracheal or laryngeal
injury
– Noisy respirations frequently indicates an obstructed respiratory
pattern
14. AIRWAY MANAGEMNT
Maintenance of Airway
Patency
–Suction of Secretions
–Chin Lift/Jaw thrust
–Nasopharyngeal Airway
–Definitive Airway
16. AIRWAY MANAGEMNT
Needle-
Cricothyroidotomy
• Insertion of a needle
through the
cricothyroid
membrane or Into the
trachea
• provide temporary,
supplemental
oxygenation so that
intubation can be
accomplished on an
urgent rather than an
emergent basis.
17. Surgical-
Cricothyroidotomy
Palpate the thyroid notch, cricothyroid
interval, and the sternal notch for
orientation.
Make a transverse skin incision over
the cricothyroid membrane and
carefully incise through the membrane
transversely.
Insert hemostat or tracheal spreader
into the incision and rotate it 90
degrees to
open the airway.
Insert a proper-size, cuffed
endotracheal tube or tracheostomy
tube into the cricothyroid membrane
incision, directing the tube distally into
the
trachea.
18. Breathing and Ventilation
General Inspection (Look)
Absence of spontaneous breathing Paradoxical chest wall movement
Auscultation
to assess for gas exchange Diminished or Absent breath sounds
Palpation (FEEL)
Deviated Trachea Broken ribs
Injuries to chest wall
19. Breathing and Ventilation
100% Oxygen administration to all trauma patients at high flow
Identify and manage life threatening problems first
Tension pneumothorax – needs immediate decompression with needle insertion
or chest tube insertion
Cardiac temponade – Pericardiocentesis
Massive hemothorax(>1.5L of blood)
-insertion of chest drain tube
Open pneumothorax
Flail chest with pulmonary contusion
22. Chest Tube Insertion
STEP1. Determine the insertion site, usually at the
nipple level (fifth intercostal space), just anterior to the
midaxillary line on the affected
side. A second chest tube may be used for a
hemothorax.
STEP2. Surgically prepare and drape the chest at
the predetermined site of the tube insertion.
STEP3. Locally anesthetize the skin and rib
periosteum.
STEP4. Make a 2- to 3-cm transverse (horizontal)
incision at the predetermined site and
bluntly dissect through the subcutaneous
tissues, just over the top of the rib.
23. Chest Tube Insertion
STEP5. Puncture the parietal pleura with the tip
of a clamp and put a gloved finger into the
incision to avoid injury to other organs and
to clear any adhesions, clots, and so on.
Once the tube in the proper place, remove
the clamp from the tube.
STEP6. Clamp the proximal end of the thoracostomy tube and advance it into the
pleural space to the desired length.
The tube should
be directed posteriorly along the inside of
the chest wall.
24. Chest Tube Insertion
STEP7. Look for “fogging” of the chest tube with
expiration or listen for air movement.
STEP8. Connect the end of the thoracostomy tube
to an underwater-seal apparatus.
STEP9. Suture the tube in place.
STEP10. Apply an occlusive dressing and tape the
tube to the chest.
STEP11. Obtain a chest x-ray film.
STEP12. Obtain arterial blood gas values and/or
institute pulse oximetry monitoring as
necessary.
25. Circulation
Shock
The first step in the initial management of shock in trauma patients is to recognize its
presence
?Is the patient in
?
“Any injured patient who is cool and has tachycardia is considered to be in shock until
proven otherwise”
26. Circulation
Clinical Signs of Shock
Altered mental status
Tachycardia (HR > 100)
Most common sign
Arterial Hypotension (SBP < 90)
Inadequate Tissue Perfusion
Pale skin color , Cool clammy skin ,Delayed cap refill (> 3 seconds) , LOC
, Decreased Urine Output
(UOP < 0.5 ml/kg/hr)
Reliance solely on systolic blood pressure as an indicator of shock can
result in delayed recognition of the shock state.
27. Circulation
The second step in the initial management of shock
is to identify the probable cause of the shock state.
What is the cause of shock?
Hemorrhagic Shock
Nonhemorrhagic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock NeurogenicShock
28. Most injured patients in shock
have hypovolemia, but they may suffer from cardiogenic, obstructive, neurogenic,
and, rarely, septic shock
Hemorrhage is the most common cause of shock in the
injured patient
Multiple: No. of patients and the severity of theirinjuries do not exceed the ability of thefacility to provide care
A copmlete sentence spoken by pt. tells us:
The jet insufflation technique is performed byplacing a large-caliber plastic cannula, 12- to 14-gaugefor adults, and 16- to 18-gauge in children, throughthe cricothyroid membrane into the trachea below thelevel of the obstruction (n FIGURE2-15). The cannula isthen connected to oxygen at 15 L/min (40 to 50 psi)with a Y-connector or a side hole cut in the tubingbetween the oxygen source and the plastic cannula 1 second on and 4 secondsoff, can then be achieved by placing the thumb
Airway patency alone does not ensure adequate ventilation. Adequate gas exchange is required to maximizeoxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination.
Complications of Chest Tube Placement
Injury to intercostal nerve, artery, vein
Injury to lung
Injury to mediastinum
Infection
Allergic reaction to lidocaine
Inappropriate placement of chest tube
Hemorrhage is the most common cause of shock after injury