From the perspective of sociology

1. URBANIZATION
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural
areas to urban areas, the gradual increase in the
proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways
in which each society adapts to this change.

2. Types of Urbanization
• Sub-urbanization - Suburbanization is a
population shift from central urban
areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation
of urban sprawl.
• Counter Urbanization - Counter
urbanization is a demographic and social
process whereby people move from urban
areas to rural areas. It is, like suburbanization,
inversely related to urbanization.

3. IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
• Positive Impact
• Negative Impact

4. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF
URBANIZATION
A. EFFICIENCY
1.Urbanization provides efficiency
2. Not a paradox.
3. Cities consume high energy and well
known for great pollution but they are
efficient compared to that of rural areas.
4. Less effort needed to supply basic
amenities
5. Transportation is not needed as everything
is on spot.

5. B.CONVENIENT TO POPULATION
1. Everything is easily accessible. For
example, education, health, cultural
activities, social services.
2. Cities have more advanced
communication and transportation
networks.
3. Urbanization means better easier
life for people and higher life
quality.

6. C. BETTER SOCIAL INTEGRATION
1. People of many social layers, religions
and races live and work together in cities.
2. A place for everyone in urban society
3. Thus, it is lot easier for people to
integrate and live in the urban areas.
4. Living together creates much better
understanding, tolerance and
acceptance.
5. Lot less social and cultural barriers in
cities.

7. D. HIGHER LIVING STANDARDS
1. The desire to strive for something
better
2. Urbanization is a base of overall
development and growth of the
world
3. City population is always trying to
set higher goals and reach them
4. Like an engine that keeps people
going and fighting for what they
want.

8. E. INCREASING ECONOMICS
1. Economical development is
actually based on urbanization.
2. Urbanization is closely related to
industrialism, it is also related to
growth of economy.
3. People move to the cities mostly
because of the job opportunities.

9. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION
A. HOUSING
In developing countries, about a third of urban inhabitants live in
impoverished slums and squatter settlements. Slums are urban areas
that are heavily populated and have sub standard housing with very
poor living conditions, creating several problems.

10. B. Water supply and sanitation
• Critical challenges presented by growing urban
settlements, peri-urban and slum areas.
• Increased demand for water puts pressure on
already stretched water resources.
• Water is commonly in short supply and subject
to increasing competition by different users.
• Difficult to provide water and sanitation
services to deprived areas and the poorest
people.
• areas live without access to safe drinking water
and proper sanitation
• Overflowing latrines and septic tanks
contaminate surface water and create a serious
health risk

12. C.WASTES AND POLLUTION
• Urbanisation affects land, water, air and wildlife
because of the number of people, the amount of
buildings and construction, and the increased
demands on resources.It can particularly be
sseen in
1. Water quality
2. Solid waste
3. Air quality

13. WATER QUALITY
• Many rivers in urban areas are more like open
sewers
• The lack of sanitation and sewerage systems has
a dramatic impact on urban watercourses.
• People use the rivers to dispose of all their
wastes from homes, industries and commercial
businesses
• Changes to the quality of surface water also
affects groundwater because they are linked by
the processes of the water cycle so pollutants
from the surface will infiltrate down and
contaminate soil and groundwater as well

15. SOLID WASTE
• Urban waste often ends up in illegal dumps on
streets, open spaces, wastelands, drains or rivers
• This is frequently a problem in peri-urban areas,
which are convenient for dumping wastes
because of the availability of open space and
ease of access from central urban areas.
• This can lead to the pollution of groundwater
and surface waters which may be used as a
source for drinking water.
• People want to get rid of the wastes and they will
burn them in their backyards if there is no
collection system

17. AIR QUALITY
• Air quality in towns and cities is frequently
very poor as a result of air pollution from
many different sources like vehicle
exhausts, smoke from domestic fires,
outputs from factory chimneys, diesel-
powered generators, dust from
construction works and city streets.
• Poor air quality has a significant impact
on the health of many urban residents
• Also on plants, buildings and other
surfaces.

19. D. HEALTH
1. Poor environment, housing and
living conditions
2. Contamination of water sources
3. Close proximity to other people can
make the spread of many types of
infectious disease.
4. The polluted air can also cause
respiratory disease

20. E. FOOD
• Pressure on food supplies and on food
distribution.
• Use purchased food instead of their own crops
and this makes them more vulnerable to changes
in food prices.
• Increase in urban demand, combined with a loss
of agricultural land, means more pressure on
rural people to produce food for the growing
number of urban people.
• Example, fisheries are often damaged by urban
domestic wastes and liquid effluents from city-
based industries

22. F. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS
• Stress on existing social services and infrastructure.
• Crime, prostitution, drug abuse and street children
impact of urbanization.
• Lack of social support for children in school and
home by their hard-working, usually poor, parents.
• Inadequate income, overcrowded housing and poor
living conditions create a fertile ground for the
development of violence.
• Violent crime is more visible in the cities than in
rural areas.
• Crime in the city can create a sense of insecurity in
its inhabitants.
• The unsafe feeling creates gap between different
income groups and which reduces the sense of
community and forms areas with dissimilar
incomes, costs and security levels.

24. URBANIZATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT
OF A SOCIOLGIST
1. Functionalism
Functionalism offers both a Functional and
Dysfunctional characteristics of urbanization.

25. DYSFUNCTION OF URBAN SOCIETY
German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies says that:
• As societies grew and urbanized and, as people
moved to cities, social ties weakened and
became more impersonal.
• The loss in urban societies is of close social
bonds and of a strong sense of community.
• A sense of rootlessness in these societies begins
to replace the feeling of stability and steadiness
characteristic of small, rural societies

26. FUNCTION OF URBAN SOCIETY
According to famous sociologist Emile Durkheim,
• The urban societies stifled individual freedom
and that social ties still exist in larger, urban
societies.
• When there is a division of labor, everyone has
to depend on everyone else to perform their jobs.
• This interdependence of roles creases a
solidarity that retains much of the bonding and
sense of community found in small, rural
societies.

27. 2. Conflict Theory
• On the one hand, the rich in cities live in luxurious
apartments and work in high-rise corporate buildings,
and they dine at the finest restaurants and shop at the
most expensive stores.
• On the other hand, the poor and people of color live in
dilapidated housing and can often barely make ends
meet.
• The diverse backgrounds and interests of city
residents often lead to conflict because some residents’
beliefs and practices clash with those of other
residents
• Elites treat cities as settings for the growth of their
wealth and power, rather than as settings where real
people live, go to school, work at a job, and have
friends and acquaintances

28. 3.SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
• Sociologist Elijah Anderson emphasizes on
following ways.
- most poor urban residents are decent, law-
abiding people who strongly disapprove of the
crime and drug use in their neighborhoods.
- cities are filled with parks and other public
settings in which people from different racial
and socioeconomic backgrounds gather every
day and interact in various ways that help foster
interracial understanding

29. INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Process
• An economy is transformed
• Primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing
of goods
• Individual manual labor is replaced by mechanized mass
production
• Craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines
• Simply can be understood as outgrowth of capitalism.

30. CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Economic growth
• More efficient division of labor
• Use of technological innovation to
solve problems.

31. HISTORY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Occurred in Europe and North America.
• During the 18th and 19th centuries.

32. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The period
• Agrarian economies shifted rapidly to industrial
and machine-manufacturing-dominated ones.
• Economic transformation.
• How work was done and goods were produced
• Altered how people related both to one another
and to the planet at large.
• Impact on earth’s political, ecological, and
culture.
• Rural areas in large numbers, seeking potential
fortunes

34. ▫ Invention of Steam Engines.
▫ Growth of the metals and
textiles industries.
▫ Transportation, finance, and
communications industries
expanded.
▫ Expansion in wealth and
financial well being for some
▫ Increased labor specialization

35. LATER PERIODS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
•Role of World War II.
•Reconstruction in Europe.
•Innovation, specialization, and
wealth creation.
•The late 20th century .
•China famously experienced
its own industrial revolution

36. Modes of Industrialization
• Mercantilist and protectionist government
policies
-Europe and the United States
• More laissez-faire or free market approach
-Europe and the United States
• Import substituting industrialization
-Across Latin America and Africa
• Centrally planned programs of
industrialization
-Socialist nations like Soviet Union and China

37. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN NEPAL
• Formulation of the Nepal Companies Act,
Biratnagar Jute Mills, Nepal, in 1993.
• By 1986, 2,054 industrial establishments
employing about 125,000
workers.
• Up to March, 2016, 6,328
industries.
• Employ about 512,000
people

38. •Most industries have a short
lifespan.
•Entrepreneurs lack planning,
plans, or strategies.
•Constant legal and political
hurdles .
•Private sectors indifference
towards industrialization

39. IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
• POSITIVE
• NEGATIVE

40. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
1. Develops the economy
2. Emergence of machines
3. The mechanization of agriculture.
4. Improvement of Communication and
Transportation.
5. Medicine.
6. Wealth and Quality of Life of the Average
Person.
7. Rise of Specialist Professions

41. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
1. Overcrowding of Cities and
Industrial Towns.
2.Pollution and Other
Environmental Ills
3.Poor Working Conditions.
4.The Rise in Unhealthy
Habits.

43. INDUSTRIALIZATION FROM THE
VIEWPOINT OF SOCIOLOGIST
1.Functionalist Perspective
• Well-oiled machine
• Education system
• Social stratification is a social
necessity.
• Distribution of goods and services
Manifest
-empower all individuals to
contribute to the workforce and society.
Latent
- create and maintain inequality.

44. 2. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
• The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat .
• Sense of inequity
- Unequal distribution of wealth.
- Cycle of poverty

45. 3. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
• Career inheritance.
• Job Satisfaction.

46. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN URBANIZATION
AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
I. Process
II. Importance
III. Invention
IV. Lifestyle

47. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION
I. Urbanization dependence on Industrialization
II. Wealth Generation
III. Technology Advancement

48. THANK YOU