STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

1. RALLI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

3. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
 Agricultural practice of breeding
and raising livestock.
 Animal husbandry deals with
the care and breeding of
livestock like buffaloes, cows,
pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camel
goat etc.
 It includes poultry farming and
fisheries.
 Fisheries include rearing,
catching, selling, etc., of fish,
molluscs (shell-fish) and
crustaceans (prawns, crabs, etc.)
 More than 70% of livestock
population of the livestock live
in India and China.

4. Management of Farms and Farm Animals
 A professional approach of farm management have increased
the food production many folds. Some of the management
procedures applied in various livestock are
Dairy Farm Management
Poultry Farm Management

5. Dairy Farm Management
 Dairying is the management of animals for its milk and its
product for human consumption.
 In dairy farm management, we deal with processes and
systems that increase yield and improve quality of milk.
 Selection of good breeds having high yielding potential,
combined with resistance to diseases is very important.
 Cattle have to be housed well, should have proper water
and be maintained disease free.
 The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific
manner (quality and quantity of fodder).
 Strict cleanliness and hygiene are importance while
milking, storage and transport of the milk and its products.
 Regular visit is done by a veterinary doctor.

6. Poultry Farm Management
 Poultry is the class of domesticated birds used for food or for
their eggs. It mainly includes chicken and ducks and with
turkey and geese.
 Important components of poultry farm management includes-
 Selection of disease free and suitable breeds.
 Proper and safe farm condition.
 Proper feed and water
 Hygiene and health care

7. Animal Breeding
 It aims at increasing yields of
animals and improving the
desirable qualities of the
product.
 A breed is a group of animals
related by descent and similar
in most of characters like
general appearance, features,
size, configuration etc.
 There are two kinds of breeding
a)Inbreeding – breeding
between animals of same
breeds. b) Outbreeding- crosses
between different breeds.

8. Animal Breeding
 Out-crossing- this is the practice of mating of animals within the
same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their
pedigree up to 4-6 generation. The offspring are called out-cross.
 Cross breeding- superior male of one breed are mated with superior
female of another females of another breed. Cross breeding allows
the desirable qualities of two breeds to be combined.
 Interspecific hybridization- male and female animals of two different
species are mated. The progeny may combine desirable features of
both and parents. Ex- mule..

9. Animal Breeding
 Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using artificial
insemination. The semen is collected from the male that is
chosen as a parent and injected into the reproductive tract of
the selected female by the breeder.
 Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) is
used to increase the success rate of artificial insemination. In
this method, a cow is administrated hormones (FSH) to induce
follicular maturation and super ovulation, instead of one egg;
they produce 6-8 eggs. The fertilised eggs 8-32 cells stages, are
recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate
mothers.The genetic mother is available for another round of
super ovulation.

10. Bee-keeping
 Bee-keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of
honeybees for the production of honey. Honey is a food of high
nutritive value and also finds use in the indigenous systems of
medicine. It also produces beeswax.
 The most common species of honey bee is Apis indica. The
following points are important for successful bee-keeping

11. Fisheries
 Fishery is an industry devoted to catching, processing or
selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals.
 Fresh water fishes which are very common include catla, rohu
and common carp. Common marine fishes are Hilsa, sardines,
mackerel and pomfrets.
 Different techniques have been applied to increase production
like aquaculture and pisciculture. Blue Revolution is
implemented to increase fish production.

12. Fisheries

13. Plant breeding
• Plant breeding is the manipulation of plant species in order to
create desired plant type.
• These are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and
disease resistant.
Plant breeding is done.
1. Toincreas crop yield
2. Toimprove quality
3. Toincreased tolerance to environmental stresses (salinity,
extreme temperature, and drought).
4. Toresistant to pathogens ( viruses, fungi, and bacteria)
5. Toincrease tolerance to insect pest.

14. Plant breeding
Five steps involved in plant breeding techniques.
1. Collection of genetic variability.
2. Evaluation and selection of parents
3. Cross hybridization among the selected parents.
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants.
5. Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars
Collection of genetic variability
• Genetic variability is available from wild relatives of crop.
• All the different wild varieties and relatives are ccollected
and preserved
• Their characteristics are evaluated.
• The entire collection (of plants /seeds) having all the diverse
alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm
collection.

15. Plant breeding
Evaluation and selection of parents
• The germplasm is evaluated to identify plants with desirable
combination of characters.
• The selected plants are multiplied and used in
hybridization.
• Pure line is created wherever need of desirable alleles.
Cross hybridization among the selected parents
• selected parent are cross hybridized by emasculation and
bagging.
• The hybrid produced has combined character of both parents.
• Usually one in few hundred to a thousand crosses,
offsprings shows desirable combinations.

16. Plant breeding
Selection and testing of superior recombinants
1. Selection is done for the hybrids produced by cross
hybridization.
2. It requires careful scientific observations and evaluation of desired
characters.
3. Hybrid plants that are superior to both of the parents are selected.
Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars
1. Selected hybrids are evaluated for their yield, quality, disease
resistance etc.
2. This evaluation is done in the research fields and recording their
performance.
3. Testing is done in the farmers ‘fields’ at least for three
generation.
4. The hybrid seeds are commercialized and marketed to formers.

17. Green revolution
• Development of high yield varieties of wheat and rice in 1960s
by plant breeding technique to increase food production is
called green revolution.
Wheat and Rice:
• Increase in wheat and rice production was done by
introducing semi dwarf varieties.
• Semi dwarf varieties was developed by Norman E
Borlaug in mexico.
• Two high yielding wheat varieties introduced in India in 1963
are Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.
• IR-8 and Taichung Native-1 are the two rice varieties used to
develop semi dwarf rice variety. in 1966. The semi dwarf rice
varieties developed in India during 1966 are Jaya and
Ratna.

18. Green revolution
Sugarcane:
• Saccharum barberi, grown in
north India, had poor sugar
content and yield.
• Saccharum officinarum,
grown in south India, had
thicker stem and higher sugar
content. But they did not grow
in north India.
• The sugarcane species
obtained after cross breeding
between these two species,
had thick stems, high sugar
content, high yield and ability
to grow in north India also.

19. Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance

20. Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
• Some crop varieties bred by hybridization and selection for
disease resistance to fungi, bacterial and viral disease are
released

21. Mutation breeding
• Mutation is the process by which genetic variations are
created through changes in the base sequence within genes
resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found
in the parental types.
• Mutation breeding: It is the process of breading artificially
inducing mutation by mutagen like chemical aniline or
gamma radiation.
• Mung bean resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery
mildew were induced by mutation.
• Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi (Abelmoschus
esculentus) was transferred from a wild species and resulted
in a new variety of A. esculentus called Parbhani kranti.
• Dr. Swamynathan was the first person introduced mutation
breeding in India. Hence he was regarded as father of
radiation genetics in India.

22. Plant breeding for Developing Resistance to
Insect Pests
• Crop plant and crop products are destructed by insects and
pests on large scale. To prevent this loss new varieties
resistance to them are developed.

23. Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality
• Biofortification: It is the process of developing crops with
higher levels of vitamins, minerals proteins and healthier fats.
• Four improving objectives of biofortification are
• Protein content and quality
• Oil content and quality
• Vitamin content and
• Micronutrient and mineral content
• Ex: Atlas 66 is a wheat variety having high protein content.
• Iron fortified rice has rich in iron content.

24. Single cell protein (SCP)
• It is the alternative protein source of nutrition extracted from
beneficial microbes.
• Microbes like spirullina can be grown easily on materials like
waste water from potato processing plants having strach,
molasses, animal manure and even sewage to produce large
quantities and can serve as food rich in protien, minerals, fats,
carbohydrates and vitamins.
• Methylophilus methylotrophus has high rate of biomass
production and growth, it can be expected to produce 25
tonnes of protein by 250 g of microorganism.

25. Tissue culture
• It is the technique of culturing cells into tissue, organ or
organism on cultural media under laboratory condition.
• Totipotency: The ability of a single cell develop into a tissue
or organ or individual is called totipotency.
• The totipotency of plant cells are more than animal cells.
• Micropropogation: The method of producing thousand of
plants through tissue culture is called micropropogation.
• Explant: Any part of the plant body or tissue that is used in
tissue culture is called explant.
• Usually parenchyma tissue of stem or root is used as explant.
• Callus: the undifferentiated and unorganized mass of cells
developed by explant during tissue culture is called callus.
• The plants developed from tissue culture are genetically
identical to plant from which explant was taken. Hence they
are called somaclones.

26. Tissue culture
• Applications of plant tissue culture.
• Production of large number of plant from small tissue or
single cell.
• Production of genetically identical plants (somaclones).
• Recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants by
meristem culture.
• Seedless plants can be multiplied.
• Meristem culture: The meristem of virus infected plant is free
of virus. This meristem is used as explant to develop healthy
plants from diseased plants.
• Somatic hybridization: The process of fusion of protoplast of
somatic cells of different species of plant to develop somatic
hybrid is called somatic hybridization.
• Ex: The protoplast of potato and tomato are fused to get
pomato.