R.RASAKUMAR M.Sc (agronomy) ADAC&RI TRICHY

1. RASAKUMAR R
2016670204
Chairman
Dr. S. SOMASUNDARAM,
Assistant Professor (Agronomy)
Members:
Dr. G. SRINIVASAN, Dr. M. SUNDAR
Professor and Head Professor
Department of Agronomy Dept.of SS&AC
Enhancing water productivity in salt
affected soil

2. Enhancing water productivity in salt affected
soil
Introduction
Causes for low water productivity in problem soils
Effect of poor quality water on water productivity
Constraints for crop growth and yield in problem soils
Ways to Improve water productivity in problem soils
•Agronomic methods
•Biological methods
•Chemical methods
•Engineering method
Conclusion

3. Introduction
Water Productivity term plays a role in modern agriculture
which aims to increase yield production per unit of water used,
both under rainfed and irrigated conditions.
This can be achieved either by
• Increasing the marketable yield of the crops for each unit of
water transpired
• Reducing the outflows/ losses
• Enhancing the effective use of rainfall,
Unit of water productivity – Kg/ha/mm (or)Kg/cubic meter
Crop yield per cubic meter of water used
Rosegrant (2003)

4. Factors depends upon WP
 Crop patterns
 Irrigation technology and field water management
 Climate patterns
 Land and infrastructure
 Other inputs (fertilizer and machinery)

5. Increasing WP inAgriculture
Point/plant
TECHNICAL WAYS
1.1 Transpiration efficiency Crop improvement
Access toinputs
1.2 increased harvest index Crop improvement
Access toinputs
Field/farmer Alter rainfall partitioningand
Increase T/E ratio
Conservationagriculture
Precision Farming
Climate smart farming
Soil waterconservation
Basin/system 3.1 Rainwater harvesting&
groundwater recharge
IWRM (Landuse planning)
Watershed development
Aquifermapping and zoning as peragro‐
ecological zones (AEZ)
3.2 Irrigation improvement: systems reliability andresilience
(a): On‐farm focus Drip/sprinkler irrigation
Deficit irrigation
Supplemental irrigation
(b): System focus Improved supply delivery
Waste‐waterre‐use
Drainagere‐use

6. Salt affected soils
Four major tracts of salt affected soils in India.
The Semi-arid Indo-Gangetic alluvial tracts (mainly in
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and a part of Bihar)
The arid tracts of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
The arid and semi arid tracts of southern states,
particularly of the irrigated rigor (Vertisol) soils.
The coastal alluvium

7. Categorisation of salt affected soils:
1. Saline soil
a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics
 EC of the saturation soil extract is more than 4 dSm-1
(>4)
 pH of the soil is less than 8.5 (< 8.5)
 ESP is less than 15 (<15)
b) Physical Characteristics
 Soil Structure- Usually good
 Infiltration rate- High
 Soil Aeration- Good
c) Colour- Usually white

8. 2. Sodic Soil (Black-alkali soil)
a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics
 EC of the saturation soil extract is less than 4 dSm-1
(<4)
 pH of the soil is more than 8.5 (> 8.5)
 ESP is higher than 15 (>15)
b) Physical Characteristics
 Soil Structure- very poor
 Infiltration rate- poor
 Soil Aeration- poor
c) Colour- - black

9. 3. Saline-SodicSoil
a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics
i) EC of the saturation extract is higher than 4 dSm-1
(>4)
ii) pH of the soil is lower than 8.5 (< 8.5)
iii) ESP is higher than 15 (>15)
b) Physical Characteristics
i) Soil Structure - Good
ii) Infiltration rate - Good
iii) Soil Aeration - Good
c) Colour- Usually white

10. Causes of Salinity in soil
1. Primary source of salts in soil is from rock weathering.
2. Fluctuating depth of ground water or WT leads to soil
salinity.
3. In arid region less rainfall available to leach the salt and high
rate of evaporation causes concentration of salts in soil at
various layer.
4. Coastal Area: Due to inundation of sea water
5. Irrigation water containing high concn. of soluble salts (Na salts)
leads to soil salinity.
6. Due to drainage restriction, reduces permeability of soil.

11. The presence of salinity in soil and water can affect
plant growth and development
 It can increase the osmotic potential and hence
decrease water availability
 It can induce specific-ion effects by increasing the
concentration of ions with an inhibitory effect on
biological metabolism.
 It can diminish soil-water permeability and soil
aeration by adversely affecting soil structure.

12. Effect of poor quality water on water productivity
White encrustation on surface of soils
Osmotic potential of soil solution altered
Water intake by plants affected
Nutrient intake reduced
Microbial activity reduced  decomposition reduced  nutrient
availability reduced
Dehydration  drying of leaves  death of plants.

13. Constraints for crop growth and yield in problem soils
High pH-non availability of Fe , Zn and P
Conversion of nitrite to nitrate is reduced.
B and Mo toxicity may occur.
Plants result in drying of plants in patches in a field.
Reduces the germination and the growth retardation

14. Salt affected
soil
Agronomic methods
1.Crop selection and
variety selection
2.Planting methods
3.Irrigation methods
4.Greenmanure
Biological methods
Biofertilizers
PPFM
consortium
Chemical methods
Gypsum
Distillery effluent
water
Engineering methods
Drip irrigation system
Sprinkler irrigation

15. Mulching Incorporation of green manure
Gypsum application Distillery effluent water

16. Agronomic methods:
Crop selection in saline soil
S.No Sensitive Moderately
tolerant 4-6
Tolerant 6-8
ds/m)
Highly
tolerant 8-
12
1 Bean Corn Fig Barley
2 Clover Sorghum Oats Cotton
3 Onion Soybean Pomegranate Rye
4 Potato tomato Sunflower Olive
5 Peas,citrus,c
arrot
Rice,foxtail
millet,cow
pea
wheat Sugar beet

17. Varieties identified for salinity tolerance
• Salt tolerant high yielding varieties developed:
• Rice – CSR-49, CSR 36, CSR 30 (basmati type), CSR 27, CSR
23, CSR 13 and CSR 10 ,TRY 1, TRY 2 and TRY 3
• Rice variety for coastal regions:- Butnath (CSRC(S) 5-2-2-5) and
Sumati- CSRC-CSRC(S) 2-1-7
• Wheat :- KRL 213, KRL 210, KRL 19 and KRL1-4
• Indian Mustard:- CS 56, CS 54 and CS52
• Chick pea (gram)- Karnal Chana 1
• Genotypes Registered as salt tolerant germplasms
• Dhaincha (sesbania)- CSD 137 and CSD-123
• Ragi – TRY 1

18. Crop Varieties
Rice
(i) ECe:(6.0-8.0 dSm-1) high salinity,
(ii) ECe: (4.0-6.0 dSm-1) moderate
salinity, 15-30 cm water regime
Utpala , CSR-6, SR 26B, NC 1281,
Gavir
(iii) ECe:( around 4.0 dSm-1) moderate
salinity, 30-50 cm water regime
(iv) Acid sulphate soil
CSR 1, CSR 2, CSR 3, CSR 4, CST
7-1 Sumati, CSR-6, SR 26B, Dudhesar, NC
1281, NC 678, Gavir Saru, Gopal Bhog .
Mashuri, Canning, SR 26B,
Mustard 8-85,T-59, Varun
Chilli CA 960, Suryamukhi, Pusa Jwala
Watermelon Sugerbaby, Suger Sweet
Cotton 081, J.K. 260-2, F-414
Barley Karan 19, Ratna, DL 120, K-125 .
Improved crop varieties for coastal saline soils
Singh & Hussain (2008)

19. Agronomic methods:
Planting methods:
CA practices, raised bed planting to water savings of 25–30% and
increased water use efficiencies
(Sayre and Hobbs, 2004; Hassan et al., 2005; Malik et al.,
2005; Choudhary etal., 2008; Devkota et al., 2013)
Permanent raised beds has great potential to reduce soil salinity in
salt-affected areas (Devkota,2011; Devkota et al., 2015)

20. Effect of planting system on yield of wheat
Planting
system
Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Harvest index (%)
2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09
Conventional
method
41.15 43.80 57.48 58.20 41.68 42.90
Furrow
irrigated raised
bed system
45.59 48.73 59.94 62.18 43.16 43.96
SEm± 0.668 0.548 0.800 0.546 0.248 0.289
LSD
(P=0.05)
1.914 1.569 2.291 1.563 0.814 0.828
Meena et al., 2013 (New Delhi)

21. Raised bed furrow system of cultivation
Raised broad bed
for vegetables
4 m
Broad furrow
6m
Rice - harvested
rain water

22. Effect of different planting on tiller density, grain yield and
water use efficiency of wheat
Treatment Emergence
(m−2)
Tiller
density
(m−2)
Grain
yield
(t ha−1)
WUE
(kg
ha−1 cm−1)
Flat sowing
(pre-sowing irrigation) 173 425 4.20 99
Bed sowing
(pre-sowing irrigation) 156 393 3.99 97
Bed sowing (dry sown)
followed by irrigation 176 474 4.52 110
Bed sowing
(sown after applying irrigation
to dry beds)
167 427 4.21 103
LSD (0.05) 13.3 44.1 0.32 -
Kaur, 2003

23. Irrigation methods
Alternate furrow irrigation
Skip furrow irrigation
Surge irrigation
Drip irrigation

24. Irrigation methods
Bar et al. (2015) found that indicated that irrigation
scheduling has significant impact on WP in salt affected soil
Deficit irrigation (DI) as a water saving method is
commonly applied in arid and semi-arid regions to increase
water productivity in sodic soil
(Shahrokhnia and Sepaskhah, 2016).

25. Irrigation methods
Effect of different irrigation methods increase the water
productivity in cotton
Irrigation
method
Bolls / plant Boll weight Yield (kg /ha)
Every-
furrows
5.6 ± 0.5 4.92 ± 0.04 1019 ± 40
Alternating
skip furrow
5.9 ± 0.9 5.25 ± 0.23 1216 ± 120
Permanent
skip furrow
8.7 ± 0.01 6.05 ± 0.15 2003 ± 182
Devkota et al., (2015)The difference in bolls per plant between ASFI
andEFI was statistically not significant

26. Effect of different irrigation methods increase the crop
water productivity in bhendi
Irrigation methods Crop water
productivity (kg/m3)
Alternate furrow irrigation 5.29 ± 0.10
Conventional furrow irrigation 2.78 ± 0.04
Flood irrigation 1.37
Siyal et.al., (2016)
Highly significant (p < 0.001).

27. Green manure
Nutrient availability as influenced by green manuring in
0-15 cm soil depth
Treatments Organic
carbon
N P K
Without
green
manure
0.28 194.4 12.56 122.2
With green
manure
0.32 254.8 15.60 136.5
CD (0.05) 0.02 14.0 1.04 16.9
NARAYAN ,(2006)

28. Effect of sesbania and farm yard manure application on
rice yield
FYM
applied
(t/ha)
Productive
tiller/plant
Paddy yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha)
NO GM GM No GM GM No GM GM
0 9.00 10.17 2.21 2.62 2.92 3.15
5 8.90 10.60 2.36 2.96 3.13 3.60
10 10.55 11.30 2.75 3.13 3.38 3.93
20 11.45 11.77 3.04 3.26 3.49 4.13
statistically not different at p 0.05
MIRZA et.al., (2005)

29. Biological methods:
PPFM - Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotroph
Application of PPFM - alleviating the adverse effects of
drought stress and also improves germination, growth,
development, quality and yield of crop plants (Hayat et al.,
2010).
Inoculation of PPFM increased significantly (P 0.05) the pod
number, yield per plant of snap bean (Gawad et.al., 2015)

30. Treatments RWC (%) Photosynthetic rate
(μmol m-2 s-1)
SPAD value
T1: Control 48.76 27.90 23.00
T2: PPFM (1%) 55.33 32.60 33.63
T3: PPFM (2%) 64.42 35.80 37.40
T4: PPFM (3%) 60.22 32.00 29.98
SE (d) 1.19 0.82 0.85
CD (P=0.05) 2.50 1.72 1.78
Impact of PPFM on RWC, SPAD value and Photosynthetic rate of
tomato at 60 DAT
Sivakumar et.al., (2017)

31. Phytoremediation - use of plants to remove pollutants from
the environment
Biodegradation
Bioremediation
Advantages:
Promotion of soil aggregate stability and creation of
macropores that improve soil properties and root
proliferation,
Greater plant-nutrient availability in soil after
phytoremediation,
Carbon sequestration in the post amelioration soil.
Hasanuzzaman et.al., (2014)

32. Halophilic microbes:
It express ACC deaminase activity that removes stress and produce
auxins to promote root growth.
The microbes belonging to the genera of
 Alcaligenes
 Bacillus
 Micrococcus
 Pseudomonas
are highly tolerant to saline condition.
Rodriguez Valera (1988)

33. Blue green algae
Growing of blue green algae reduces the pH and remove
exchangeable sodium from the soil
It also improve the soil aggregation by secreting poly
saccharides and lipids
It increases the air-water movement in sodic soil
It also increases the nitrogen content in the soil and increase
the availability of phosphorus

34. Influence of blue green algae on the chemical properties of
sodic soil
Treatments pH CEC ESP
Control 8.3 2.60 53.19
BGA 8.0 1.93 39.41
Gypsum 8.1 2.18 44.59
BGA+
GYPSUM
7.8 1.41 28.89
CD at 5% 0.28 0.18
KAUSHIK (1985)

35. Effect of inoculation/co-inoculation Rhizobium and PGPR on
growth parameters on mung bean in salinity stress
Treatments Plant
height
(cm)
Number of
pods
Pod fresh
weight(g)
1000 grain
weight (g)
Grain
Yield (Mg
ha-1)
Control 50.8 a 21.13 a 16.7 b 52.13 d 1.2 d
PGPR - A1 55.0 a 24.33 a 19.9 ab 56.57 abc 1.4 abc
PGPR - A2 58.3 a 25.07 a 18.1 ab 59.17 ab 1.3 cd
Rhizobium
Mg6
54.3 a 25.13 a 20.5 ab 53.97 cd 1.5 ab
A1 X Mg6 58.2 a 23.27 a 19.2 ab 56.23 bc 1.4 bcd
A2 X Mg6 58.7 a 25.47 a 21.2 a 59.77 a 1.6 a
Non-significant according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (p<0.05)
Aamir et.al., (2013)

36. PGPR(PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING
RHIZOBACTERIA)
PGPR become a promising alternative to alleviation of plant stress
caused by salinity (Dodd and Perez-Alfocea, 2012;)
“INDUCED SYSTAMIC TOLERANCE”- enhanced tolerance to
abiotic strees (Kohler et al., 2006)
Some PGPR strains
Psudomonos mendocina –Stabilize soil aggregate
Psudomonas alcaligenes/bacillus polymyxa/mycobacterium phlei -
able to tolerate high temperature and salt concentration
(Kohler et al., 2006)

37. Salinity(ECe, dSm -1) Tree species
20-30 Acacia farnesiana (Desi babul) Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite,
pahari kikar), Parkinsonia aculeta
14-20 A. nilotica(deshi kikar), A. tortilis (Israeli kiker), Casuarina glauca,
C. obese, C. equisetifolia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red
gum, safeda)
10-14 Casuarina cunninghamiana (casuarinas Saru) Eucalyptus
teretocornis(Mysore gum, safeda) Terminalia arjuna (Arjun)
5-10 Albizia caribea, Dalbergia sissoo, Guazuma ulmifolia,
Pongamia pinnata (papri), Samanea saman
<5 Acacia auriculaeformis (Australian kikar), A. deamii, A.
Catechu (Khair), Syzygium cuminii(Jamin), Salix
Spp.(Willow, salix), Tamarindus indica (Imli)
Recommended tree species for saline and waterlogged soils
Singh & Hussain (2008)

38. Chemical methods: Distillery effluent water
Yield of soybean and wheat as affected by distillery
effluent application
Treatments SOYBEAN WHEAT
Control 1.28 1.76
NPK +FYM 1.86 3.47
2.5 cm DE to soybean) 2.02 2.90
2.5 cm DE to soybean +
1.25 cm to wheat
1.96 3.16
5 cm DE to soybean) 2.09 3.22
5 cm DE to soybean + 2.5
cm to wheat)
1.92 3.46
SEED YIELD (Mg/ha)
Hati et al.,(2007)
Difference between values is significant at (P < 0.05)

39. Crop yield for rice and wheat as affected by rate of
gypsum application under sodic water irrigation
treatments Gypsum applied
t/ha
Rice Mg/ha Wheat Mg/ha
0 0 4.01 3.55
12.5% 1.25 4.22 3.75
25% 2.5 4.13 368
50% 5.0 4.26 3.82
75% 7.5 4.22 3.83
100% 10 4.48 3.94
LSD (0.05) 0.24 0.16
Choudhary et.al.,(2011)

40. Treatments Grain yield kg/ha Stover yield
kg/ha
G1F1 F1:100% RDF (20:40:00 NPK kg ha-1 949 2916
G1F2 F2:100% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t ha-1+ bio
fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB),
1074 3593
G1F3 75% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t ha-1+ bio fertilizer
(Rhizobium + PSB),
1018 3426
G1F4 50% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t ha-1+ bio fertilizer
(Rhizobium + PSB)
972 3287
G1F5 = Bio-compost @ 5t ha-1 676 2398
G2F1 Application of gypsum @ 2t ha-1 +F1:100% RDF
(20:40:00 NPKkg ha-1
940 3119
G2F2 Gypsum @ 2t ha +F2:100% RDF + Bio-compost @
5 t ha-1+ bio fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB),
1185 4065
G2F3 Gypsum @ 2t ha +75% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t
ha-1+ bio fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB)
1176 4037
G2F4 Gypsum @ 2t ha +50% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t
ha-1+ bio fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB)
963 3370
G2F5 Application of gypsum @ 2t ha + Bio-compost @ 5t
ha-1
924 3357
CD at (0.05) gypsum 58 191
CD at (0.05) fertilizer 92 303
Effect of soil conditioner and INM practices in saline soil and WP
in Mungbean
Chaudhari et.al., (2017)

41. Effect of gypsum and FYM on yield attributes of
sugarcane in saline – sodic soil condition
Treatments Cane height
(cm)
Average number
of millable cane
m2
Cane thickness
(cm)
FYM 1.65 20.4 2.06
Gypsum 1.66 20.6 2.00
Gypsum + FYM 1.71 21.3 2.04
CD (0.05) 0.059 0.95 0.056
Choudhary et.al., (2004)

42. Effect of organic amendments and gypsum on grain yield
(kg ha-1 ) of rice in sodic soil
Organic
amendment
0% 25% 50% 75%
FYM @ 10 t
ha-1
1908.3 3 2506.67 2910.00 3183.33
Pressmud @ 5 t
ha-1
2110.0 0 2798.33 3428.33 3498.67
Vermicompost
@ 5 t ha-1
2080.0 0 2730.00 3076.67 3296.67
G O.A
S.ED 28.803 24.944
CD (0.05) 84.483 73.164
Levels of gypsum
Narayan (2011)

43. Effect of fish amino acid and egg amino acid foliar spray
along with recommended dose of fertilizers on rice
productivity in sodic soil
Treatments Grain yield(kg ha-1)
Straw yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest
index
T1 - Recommended Dose of
Fertilizers (RDF) (187.5:50:50 kg
NPK ha-1)
3870 5330 0.42
T8- RDF + Egg Amino Acid 0.5 % 4610 6150 0.43
T9- RDF + Egg Amino Acid 1.0 % 4763 6360 0.43
T10-RDF + Fish Amino Acid 0.5 % 4355 5840 0.43
T11-RDF + Fish Amino Acid 1.0 % 4471 6100 0.42
SEd 222 353 0.23
CD
(P=0.05)
462 736 NS
Priyanka (2017)

44. Engineering methods:
Sprinkler method
Yield and water use efficiency of crops under sprinkler
irrigation methods
Crop Average yield (t/ha) for irrigation method
Sprinkler method
CW SW
Wheat 3.69 3.54
Barley 3.48 2.59
Cotton 2.28 1.34
Pearl
millet
2.54 1.50
Sharma et.al., (2005)
Difference between values is non significant at (P < 0.05)

45. Drip irrigation method
Crops Surface drip Subsurface
drip
Furrow
irrigation
Radish 15.7 23.6 9.9
Potato 30.5 20.8 19.2
Tomato 59.4 43.9 36.5
Yield and water use efficiency of crops under drip
irrigation methods in saline soil
Sharma et.al., (2005)
Difference between values is non significant at (P < 0.05)

46. Effect of cyclic use of sodic and canal water on crop yields
(Mg ha−1) under cotton and wheat crops
Treatmeents Cotton (Mg/ha) Wheat (Mg/ha)
Canal water 1.32 5.20
Sodic water 0.95 4.43
2 CW:SW 1.26 5.10
CW:SW 1.21 4.95
CW:2SW 1.02 4.75
LSD (0.05) 0.18 0.21
Choudhary et.al.,(2011)

47. Reducing the salt zone for seed germination and seedling
establishment:
• Scraping and removal of surface soil: Due to continuous evaporation
the salt concentration is the highest in the surface soil.The top soil can be
scraped and transported out of the field (Qureshi et al., 2003).
• Pre-sowing irrigation with good quality water: Where available, irrigation
with good quality water prior to sowing helps leach salts from the top soil.
This helps in promoting better seed germination and seedling
establishment. Goyal et al (1999 ).

48. Integrated management practices in salt-
affected soils.

49. Treatments
EC (dSm-1)
ESP Grain Yield of rice
(%) (Kg ha-1)
No Gypsum Gypsum No Gypsum Gypsum No Gypsum Gypsum
Control 2.49 1.85 24.59 10.72 2457 3537
Farm yard manure
@ 15t ha-1
1.02 0.96 15.99 7.97 3242 3977
Press mud
@ 15 t ha-1
1.04 0.74 14.42 6.30 3320 3990
Composted coir
pith @10 t ha-1
0.77 0.63 7.63 4.59 3933 4150
Green leaf manure
@ 5 t ha-1
1.12 0.76 1382 6.55 3533 4758
Effect of organic amendments on soil salinity and
yield of rice
Singaravel et al (2001)

50. Treatment Average ground
water level (m)
Soil salinity(dSm-1) in
surface soil (0-30 cm)
Wheat yield
(t ha-1)
at sowing at harvest at sowing at harvest
Drained 1.22 1.58 0.65-1.20 2.20-3.50 2.32
Undrained 1.22 1.58 2.50-3.25 6.00-8.50 0.00
Effect of drainage on soil salinity and
wheat yield
S. K. Gupta (2007)

51. Treatment
(canal water:
ground water)
Grain yield
(t ha-1)
Straw
yield
(t ha-1)
EC of irrigation
water
(dSm-1)
4:0 3.04 3.40 2.4
3:1 4.02 4.33 1.8
1:1 5.32 5.55 1.2
1:3 5.43 5.75 0.58
0:4 5.63 5.96 0.42
S. Em(±) 0.17 0.18 -
CD at % 0.48 0.50 -
Effect of conjunctive use of canal water and
ground water on grain and straw yield of paddy
Patra et al (1999)

52. Moisture% soil salinity
(dSm-1)
yield( t ha-1)
yield of sorghum crop
Treatment Average soil Average surface Green forage Yield %
Control 14.81 1.19 933.7 100
Organic mulching
with dried date
palm leaves
16.55 1.15 1056.4 113
Plastic mulching 14.9 1.55 947.7 102
Effects of organic mulches on soil moisture, salinity and
Al-Rawahy et al (2011)

53. Effect of Residue Management Practices and nutrient
management in saline soil and yield of wheat
Treatments Grain yield kg/ha Straw yield
kg/ha
R0: Control 4343 6499
R1: WSI @5t/ha at 30 DBS 4966 7415
R2: WSI @5t/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 30 DBS 5242 7792
R3: WSI @5t/ha + 20 kg P2O5/ha at 30
DBS
5060 7611
R4: WSI @5t/ha + 20 kg N and 20 kg
P2O5/ha at 30 DBS
5472 8164
R5: FYM @10 t/ha 4576 6923
CD (0.05) 202.81 298.76
Shah et.al., (2015)

54. Conclusion:
Reclamation of salt affected soils can be
accomplished by leaching of soluble salts and partial or
complete removal sodium ions and it replacement with
calcium on the soil exchange complex along with
incorporation of organics, inorganic and chemicals , play an
important role in improving and maintaining fertility in
sustained manner.
Integrated management practices increase the water
productivity in salt-affected soils.