Unit-I PPT.pdf

1
Ethics of Ethical Hacking
Source: Grey Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker’s Handbook
By Shon Harris, Allen Harper, Chris Eagle, Jonathan Ness,
Michael Lester

By Shon Harris, Allen Harper, Chris Eagle, Jonathan Ness, Michael Lester
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Ethics of Ethical Hacking
• Role of Ethical hacking in Today’s World
• Vulnerability Assessments versus
Penetration testing
• How Hacking tools are used by security
professionals
• General steps of hackers and security
professionals
• Ethical issues between a white hat and a
black hat hacker

3
Motivation
• Why do militaries all over the world study
their enemy’s tactics. Tools, strategies,
technologies?
• The more you know what the enemy is up
to, the better idea you have as to what
protection mechanisms you need to put
into place to defend yourself.

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CERT 2002 Study

5
Vulnerability Assessment versus
Penetration Testing
• Vulnerability assessment uses a network
scanner to probe the parts and services
on a range of IP addresses and also looks
at operating system, application software
versions, patch levels, etc.
• Penetration testing tests the vulnerabilities
to determine actual threat and risk of the
vulnerability. Try to break into the system.

6
Controversy of Hacking Books and Classes
• Malicious attackers use the same toolset
as used by security professionals.
• What we are really doing in part is security
professional tool set education

7
What is Network Security?
• Security is much larger than just packets,
firewalls, and hackers. Security includes:
– Policies and procedures
– Liabilities and laws
– Human behavior patterns
– Corporate security programs and implementation
– Technical aspects- firewalls, intrusion detection
systems, proxies, encryption, antivirus software,
hacks, cracks, and attacks
• Understanding hacking tools and how attacks
are carried out is only one piece of the puzzle.

8
Common Steps for Attackers
• Reconnaissance
– Intelligent work of obtaining information either
actively or passively
– Examples:
• Passively: Sniffing Traffic, eavesdropping
• Actively: Obtaining data from American Registry
for Internet Numbers (ARIN), whois databases,
web sites, social engineering

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• Scanning
– Identifying systems that are running and
services that are active on them
– Examples: Ping sweeps and port scans

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• Gaining Access
– Exploiting identified vulnerabilities to gain
unauthorized access
– Examples: Exploiting a buffer overflow or
brute forcing a password and logging onto a
system

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• Maintaining Access
– Uploading malicious software to ensure re-
entry is possible
– Example: Installing a backdoor on a system

12
• Covering Tracks
– Carrying out activities to hide one’s malicious
activities
– Example: Deleting or modifying data in a
system and its application logs

13
Where do Attackers get the Most Traction?
• Flaws within software are the root of the problem of successful
attacks and exploits
• Security does not like complexity
• The more complex software gets, the harder it is to properly predict
how it will react in all possible scenarios thus making it much harder
to secure
• Windows XP is approximately 40 million lines of code
• Linux is approximately 2 million lines of code
• Estimate in industry: 5 to 10 bugs per 1,000 lines of code =>
Windows XP has approximately 200,000 bugs
• With object-oriented language applications and operating systems
using each other’s code, DLLs are installed and shared, many
applications communicate with each other => Operating Systems
cannot control this flow and provide protection against possible
compromises

14
Enough Blame to Go Around
• Software vendors do not consider security
in the design and specification phases
• Programmers have not been properly
taught how to code securely
• Vendors are not held liable for faulty code
• Consumers are not willing to pay more for
properly developed and tested code

15
Novice versus Advanced
• Novice ethical hacker will use
tools/techniques developed by others
• A more advanced ethical hacker will not
only depend upon other people’s tools but
will have the skill set and understanding to
develop their own tools/techniques

16
Ethical Hacking and the Legal System
• Outline:
– Laws dealing with computer crimes and what
they address
– Malware and insider threats companies face
today
– Civil versus criminal approaches in the court
system
– Federal versus state laws and their use in
prosecution
• See www.cyberspacelaw.org

17
USA Laws
• 18 USC 1029: Fraud and related activity in connection
with access devices
• 18 USC 1030: Fraud and related activity in connection
with computers
• 18 USC 1326: Communication lines, stations, or systems
• 18 USC 2510: Wire and electronic communications
interception and interception of oral communications
• 18 USC 2701: Stored wire and electronic
communications and transactional records access

18
18 USC 1029: Fraud And Related Activity In
Connection With Access Devices
• “Access Device Statute”
• Access device – type of application or piece of
hardware that is specifically created to generate
access credentials (Passwords, Credit card
numbers, long distance telephone service
access codes, PINs, etc.) for the purpose of
unauthorized access
• Tools that generate large volumes of credit card
card numbers are “credit master” and “credit
wizard”. Trial and error used. Defense now is to
have an additional 3 digit identifier in addition to
16 digit credit card number

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Example “Access Device” Crime
• 2003 Lowe’s Retail store
• Three crackers circumvented a wireless network
at a Lowe’s store in Michigan to gain entrance to
central computer system in North Carolina
• Installed programs in several retail stores
networks across country to capture credit card
numbers from customers making a purchase
• Charges: conspiracy, wire fraud, computer fraud,
unauthorized computer access, intentional
transmission of computer code, attempted
possession of unauthorized access devices

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21

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Connection With Computers
• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA)
deals with unauthorized access to
government and financial institution
computer systems

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24

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• “Protected Computer” – computer used by US government, financial
institutions, and any system used in interstate or foreign commerce
or communications => this means all computers not just government
computers
• FBI given responsibility for cases with national security, financial
institutions, organized crime.
• Secret Service – crimes pertaining to treasury department and any
other crime not covered by FBI jurisdiction including “critical
infrastructure”
• Computer Fraud and Abuse states if someone accesses a computer
in an unauthorized manner or exceeds one’s access rights, they can
be found guilty of a federal crime
• Example: several Cisco employees exceeded their system rights
and issued themselves almost 8 million shares of Cisco stock

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• Worms and Viruses
• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act covers
development and release of malware
• Example: web-TV attack: hacker sent an
email to web-TV subscribers that reset
their internet dial in number for TV
schedules to 911.
• Max penalty is 10 years in prison and
$250,000 fine

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18 USC Sections 2510 and 2701
• Wire and Electronic Communications
Interception
• Stored Wire and Electronic
Communications and Transactional
Records Access
• Electronic Communication Privacy Act
(ECPA)
– Wiretap Act
– Stored Communications Act

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• Wiretap act states there cannot be any
intentional “interception” of wire, oral or
electronic communication in an illegal manner
• Interception: lawyers asked what does this word
mean? Only while being transmitted? What
about stored?
• Judicial system decided “intercept” only means
when data is traveling, not when stored ⇒ need
for Stored Communications Act

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• Application of Electronic Communication Privacy
Act :
– Some people did not like web cookies. These people
argued cookies obtained by a company violated
stored communications act because it is info stored
on your hard drive. Different websites can be in joint
marketing agreements and share browsing and
buying habit information with each other
– Also claimed this violated the wiretap law because the
company intercepted the user’s communication to
other sites
– But Electronic Communication Privacy Act states if
one of the parties of the communications authorizes
these types of interceptions, then laws not broken

30
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
• Does not allow one to tamper with and break an access
control mechanism that are put into place to protect an
item that is protected under the copyright law.
• If item is not copyrighted but you have access control
mechanism that someone breaks, DCMA does not
apply!
• There does not need to be any infringement upon the
item that is protected by the copyright law for
prosecution to take place
• If someone reverse-engineers some type of control and
does nothing with actual content, still can be prosecuted.

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Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002
• In July 2002, House of Representatives voted to put
stricter laws into place
• If an attacker carries out a crime that could result in
the bodily harm or death of another, can get life in
prison
• Act also allows service providers to report
suspicious behavior and not risk consumer litigation,
and allows service providers to work with law
officials
• Reports to government entities are exempt from
freedom of information act

ECE 4112 - Internetwork Security 32
Georgia Institute of Technology
• Computer and Network Usage Policy
 Available for all students and faculty
 http://www.oit.gatech.edu/information_securi
ty/policy/usage/
• Authorized users and uses
• Privileges for individuals
• User Responsibilities
 Access to Facilities and Information

4.6. Attempts to circumvent security
Users are prohibited from attempting to circumvent or subvert any system’s security
measures. This section does not prohibit use of security tools by personnel authorized by
OIT or their unit.
4.6.1. Decoding access control information
Users are prohibited from using any computer program or device to intercept or decode
passwords or similar access control information.
4.6.2. Denial of service
Deliberate attempts to degrade the performance of a computer system or network or to
deprive authorized personnel of resources or access to any Institute computer system or
network are prohibited.
4.6.3. Harmful activities
Harmful activities are prohibited. Examples include IP spoofing; creating and propagating
viruses; port scanning; disrupting services; damaging files; or intentional destruction of or
damage to equipment, software, or data.
GIT Computer and Network Usage Policy

What if?
• A Georgia Tech student uses their personal PC and the school’s
network to do a port scan on a commercial web site.
• A Georgia Tech student uses their personal PC and a commercial
ISP to do a port scan on a commercial web site.
• A Georgia Tech student sends a “spoofed mail” from the school
account that appears to come from another user.
• A Georgia Tech student uses a school computer and password
guessing software to access and crack the administrator password.
• A Georgia Tech student discovers that another user failed to log off
when departing. The student uses the account to send an
inflammatory email to the department chair.

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Proper and Ethical Disclosure
• Outline:
• Different points of view pertaining to vulnerability
disclosure
• Evolution and pitfalls of vulnerability discovery
and reporting procedures
• CERT’s approach to work with ethical hacker
and vendors
• Full disclosure policy and how it differs between
CERT and the Organization for Internet Safety
(OIS)

36
Black Hat versus Grey Hat
• Ethical hackers must understand and follow
proper methods of disclosing vulnerabilities to
software vendors
• If an individual finds a vulnerability and exploits it
or tells others how to attack => Black Hat
• If a different person uncovers a vulnerability,
does not illegally exploit it or tell others how to,
and works with the vendor to fix it => Grey Hat

37
Public Disclosure
• Issue of public disclosure is controversial because
consumer and software vendor view it differently
• Many think security vulnerabilities should be disclosed as
a matter of principle. Some consumers think the only
way to get quick results from a large software vendor is
to pressure it to fix the problem by threatening to make
the information public.
• Vendors think details of flaw will help hackers exploit the
vulnerability. The release of information can hurt the
reputation of the company
• Several organizations have created policies, guidelines,
and general suggestions on how to handle software
vulnerability disclosures.

38
History of Disclosure
• Mailing list Bugtraq – easy access to ways
of exploiting vulnerabilities
• In 2002 Atlanta’s Internet Security
Systems (ISS) initiated its own disclosure
policy: vulnerability details would be
released to paying subscribers one day
after vendor notified

39
CERT Disclosure Policy
• CERT coordination center CERT/CC federally
funded research and development center
focused on Internet security and related issues
– Full disclosure will be announced to public within 45
days of being reported to CERT/CC
– CERT/CC will notify vendor immediately so a solution
may be found
– Along with description of problem, CERT/CC will
forward name of finder if desired
– During 45 day period CERT/CC will update reporter
on current status

40
Full Disclosure Policy (Rain Forest
Puppy Policy)
• Rain Forest Puppy is a Hacker with a long history of
successfully and unsuccessfully working with vendors
• Disclosure Policy:
– Date of contact is when originator EMAILS the software vendor
– Software vendor must acknowledge the contact within 5 days
– Originator will assist vendor in reproducing problem
– Vendor status reports every 5 days
– Vendor will credit originator
– Originator and vendor make disclosure statements in
conjunction

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Organization for Internet Safety (OIS)
• Group of founding companies @stake, Bindview
corporation, the SCO group, Foundstone, Guardent,
Internet Security Systems, Microsoft, Oracle, SGI, and
Symantec
• Policy:
– Reduce the risk of software vulnerabilities by providing an
improved method of identification, investigation, and resolution
– Improve overall engineering quality of software by tightening
security placed upon end product
– Includes
• Discovery, notification, validation, investigation (shared code
products issues), findings (confirmation/disproof), resolution, time
frame, release (patches, maintenance updates, future product
versions)

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Unit-I PPT.pdf