1. The document discusses the history and evolution of computing and information and communication technologies (ICT). It describes early mechanical calculating devices, the development of electronic computers, and the emergence of digital technologies and the internet. 2. Key aspects of ICT covered include computer hardware and software, data collection, storage, processing and transmission methods. Application domains like mobile computing, cloud computing, and the role of ICT in various fields are also summarized. 3. The social and economic impacts of ICT on areas like education, business, and society are briefly outlined.

1. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF/
cgm
yF
Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
Nju;r;rp 1: 1.1jftypd; mbg;gilf; (Life Cycle 6 computer
,d;iwa fl;lw; Jz;lj;ijAk; of Data) projector
mwpTg+u;tkhd mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; juTfspd; cUthf;fk; paper
r%fj;jpy; jfty; tprhupg;ghu; Kfhikj;Jtk; Book
kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; gadw;w juT ePf;fk; white board marker
njhopDl;gtpaypd; Data vs.
(ICT) %y Information)
vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;
gq;fspg;igAk;
gpuNahfj;ijAk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; (Charcteristics)
ikakhff; nfhz;L fhyj;Jf;Nfw;wJ> rupepfu;jd;ik>
Muha;thu; jUzj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
jd;ik> tpsf;fj;jd;ikia
mjpfupj;jYk; kw;Wk;
njsptpd;ikiaf ; Fiwj;jYk;
fpilf;Fk; mjpfstpyhd juT
kw;Wk; jutpd; Vida rpf;fy;fis
(Large volumes and other
complexities) ifahs;tjd; Njit
1.2juTfisAk; jftiyAk; -mwpKfk; 6 computer
cUthf;fTk;> gug;gTk; gpuNahfk; projector
kw;Wk; epUtfpf;fTk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; paper
Njitahd nfhs;if tFj;jy; Book
njhopy;El;gj;ij vjpuT; $Wjy ; white board marker
tprhupg;ghu jpl;lkply;> xOq;FgLj;jy;>
Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

2. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF/
cgm
yF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
,irtpd;ikAk; juT
,ul;bg;ghfYk;> tO
Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs;>
khdpltOf;fy; kw;Wk;
Kiwtopahf;fy; jhkjk;
jfty; gfpu;T gw;whf;FiwAk;
jhkjkhd thbf;ifahsu;
NritAk;
kdpj capUf;F Mgj;J Vw;glf ;
$bathwhd gpuNahf
re;ju;g;gq;fspy ; ifKiw
nraw;ghLfspd; mrhj;jpaj; jd;ik
jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;gtpay; Afj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
(Emergence of ICT Era)
ifKiwj; jfty;
ifahSjypy; Vw;gLk;
gpd;dilTfisr;
rPu;nra;tjw;Fj ; jfty;
njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk;
gad;gLj;jy
gy;NtW Ms;jsq;fspypUe;J
(Domain) jftiygad;gLj;jy;
jftiy kPsg;ngWjy ;(retrieval)>
gfpu;e;jspj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld;
njhluG; ila njhopDl;gq;fs;
fpilf;fg;ngwy;
fzpdp tiyaikg;G> ,izak;>
cyfshtpa tiy (WWW)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

3. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
nry;ypl njhlu;ghly;> nry;ypl
fzpik (mobile computing)> Nkff;
fzpik (cloud computing)
vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jp
1.3 jfty; cUthf;fj;jpw;F
jftypd; fUj;jpay; khjpup
2 computer
xU fUj;JU khjphpia cUthf;fk; (Abstract Model of projector
cUthf;FtJld; jfty; Information creation) paper
njhlu;ghly; o cs;sPL (Input)> nray;Kiw Book
njhopDl;gj;Jld; (Process)> ntspaPL (Output) white board marker
mjw;fhd ,zf;fg; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;th njhopDl;gj;jpw;Fk;
fzpdpf;Fkhd mjd;
nghUj;jg;ghL
1.4 fzpdp
Kiwiknahd;wpd; td;nghUs; (Hardware) 2 computer
mbg;gilf; $Wfisj; td;nghUs; $Wfspd; projector
njupT nra;J tifg;gLj;jy ; paper
tifg;gLj;Jthu; Software) Book
white board marker
1.5 juT Kiwtopahf;fypd; juT Kiwtopahf;fy; gbKiwfs; 4 computer
(data processing) juT Nrfupj;jy; (Data projector
nraw;ghLfisg; Gathering ) paper
gFg;gha;T nra;thu; Book
white board marker
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

4. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
o juT nry;Ygbahf;fy; (Data
Validation)
juT nray;Kiw topahf;fy;
(processing)
juT ntspaP;L (output)
juT Nrkpg;G (Storage)
juT Nrfupf;Fk; Kiwfs; (Data
Gathering Method)
ifKiw (Manual)
miu jd;dpaf;f KiwfSk;
jd;dpaf;f KiwfSk;
(Automated)
xspapay; Fwp thrpg;ghd;
(OMR ), xspapay; vOj;JU
thrpg;ghd; (OCR), fhe;j ik
vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (MICR),
rpd;dk; /
ml;ilf;fhe;jehlh/fhe;jgg; l;b
thrpg;ghd;
(Badge/Tape/Magnetic Strip
Readers), czu;tpfSk;
(Sensors) Eiothd;fSk;
juT nry;Ygbahf;Fk; Kiw
juT tif rupghu;j;jy;
fpilj;jy;/tO rupghu;j;jy;
(Presence/ Error Check)
tPr;irr; rupghu;j;jy; (RangeCheck)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

5. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
juT cs;sPL nra;Ak; tpjq;fs;
Neubahd kw;Wk;
njhiytpyhd ((Direct andRemote)
njhluwh epiy> njhluW
epiy (Online and Offline)
juT nray ; Kiwtopahf;fy;
(Data Processing)
njhFjpthup kw;Wk; epfo;Neu
(Batch and Realtime)
ntspaPl;L Kiwfs; (Output
Methods)
Neubahfg ; gadUf;F (user)
toq;fy;
Nkyjpf Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;Fr;
Nrkpj;jy;
Nrkpg;G Kiwfs; (Storage Methods)
o cs;sf kw;Wk; njhiythd
(remote- (Cloud-Nkf))
Nrkpj;jy; Fwfpafhy
, ePzl; fhyr;Nrkpjj;y;
1.6; ntt;NtW Ms;fsq;fspy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; 4 computer
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fs; projector
njhopDl;gj;jpd; fy;tp Rfhjhuk; tptrhak; paper
gpuNahfq;fis Muha;thu tzpfKk; epjpAk; Book
nghwpapay; Rw;Wyh white board marker
Clfk; kw;Wk; gj;jpupifnjhopy;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

6. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
1.7 r%fj;jpy; jfty; jfty; njhlu;ghly; 4 computer
njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jhy; Vw;gLk; projector
njhopDl;gtpaypd; jhf;fk; mD$yq;fs ; paper
gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;thu; r%f mD$yq;fs; (Social) Book
nghUshjhu mD$yq;fs; white board marker
jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;gj;jhy; Vw;gLk;
gpujp$yq;fs ;
r%fk; (Social)
nghUshjhuk ; (Economic)
#oy; xOf;fnewp rl;lk ; me;juq;fk;
,yf;fKiw tpupT
,ufrpaj;jd;ik
jpULjy; topg;gwp
fsT (Piracy)
gjpg;Gupik (Copyright)/mwpTrhu;
nrhj;Jr; rl;lq;fs;
Kiwaw;w gpujpahf;fk;
cupkk; ngw;w nkd;nghUs;
cupkkw;w nkd;nghUs;
Nju;r;rp 2: 2.1nra;Kiwtopahf;fy;fspd; fzpj;jypd; tuyhW (History of 4 computer
etPd fzpdpapd; tpUj;jpAld; Computing) projectornraw;wpwid
xg;gpl;L njhlu;Gila Kf;fpa Muk;gfhy fzpj;jy; paper
tpgupg;gjw;Ff; khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; (Calculating) cjtpr; Book
fzpj;jy; fzpdp gbKiw tsu;r;rpia rhjdq;fs; white board marker
rhjdq;fspd; ntspf; nfhzu;thu Mechanical)
tsu;r;rpia
Muha;thu; rhu;e;jit
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

7. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
kpd; nghwpKiw (Electro
Mechanical) rhu;e;jit
fzpj;jypd; ,yj;jpudpay;
(Electronic) Afk ;
fzpdpj ; jiyKiwfs ;
o 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G kw;Wk;
vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhdJ
(nray; Kiwtopahf;fpapd;
gbKiw tsu;r;rpf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;);
o njhopDl;gk; (Technology):
Analog), ,yf;f
Kiw (Digital)
Nehf;fk; :
ngsjPf gUkd;:
Super Computer),
Kjd;ikf; fzpdp
(Mainframe)> rpwpa (Mini),
Ez; (Micro), vLj;Jr;
nry;yf;$ba cgfuzq;fs;
- #l;bif njhiyNgrp
(Mobile Devices - Smart
phones, Vl;L tpy;iyj;
jdpahs; fzpdp (Tablets),
Phablets)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

8. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
2.2 fzpdpnahd;wpd; gpujhd td;nghUs; $Wfs; 6 computer
nraw;ghl;il mjd; cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;: projector
td;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpirg;gyif cs;sPLk;> Neub paper
mtw;wpd; ,ilKfq;fs; cs;sPLk; (tpirg;gyif> Rl;b Book
vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; rhjdq;fs; (Pointing Devices); white board marker
Muha;thu; njhL ml;il (Touch pad)
Nra;ikf ; fl;Lg;ghL (Remote
control)njhLjpiu (touch
screen) fhe;jgl;b thrpg;ghd
(Magnetic strip reader)
gl;ilFwp Kiw thrpg;Gf;fUtp>
#l;bif ml;il thrpg;ghd;
(smart card reader), Ezpfp
Nehf;fp (Scanner), ,yf;fKiw
glf;fUtp (Digital Camera)
xyp thq;fp> czupfs;
(sensers)> tiutpay; ,yf;f
tptukhf;fp (Grapic tablets),
fhe;j ik vOj;J milahsq;
fhzy; (MICR), xspapay; Fwp
thrpg;Gf; fUtp (OMR),
xspapay; vOj;JU
milahsq; fhzy; (OCR);
fhnzhsp glf;fUtp (video
camera), ,yf;fkhf;fp
(Digitizer), tiyyglf;fUtp
(Webcam))
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

9. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
tpirg;gyifAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
Neub cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfspd;
mD$yq;fs ;
jd;ikfSk;:
o (CRT jpiu> LCD jpiu, LED
jpiu ikj-; jhiumr;Rg;nghwp
(inkjet) Gs;sp mikTU
mr;Rg;nghwp> Nyru ;
mr;Rg;nghwp> gltiuap (graph
plotter) Kg;gupkhd (3D)
mr;Rg;nghwp> xypngUf;fp)
kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myFk; (CPU)
mjd; jha;g;gyifg ;
nghUe;JifAk; (Motherboard
compatibility)
epiyahd cs;sf td;jl;L
(fixed internal hard disk)
vLj;Jr; nry;yj;jf;f ntspaf
td;jl;L fhe;jehlh> ,Wtl;Lfs;
ePyf;fjpu; tl;L
gsPr;rpl;L epidtf
ml;il
rpwpa tl;L (mini disk)
(grid) fzpik (computing)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

10. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
2.3 Von Neumann Von Neumann fl;likg;G 6 computer
fl;likg;ig Muha;thu Nrkpf;fg;gl;l nra;epuy; projector
vz;zf;fU (Stored Program paper
Concept) Book
$Wfs:; (cs;sPL> ntspaPL> white board marker
epidtfk;> Ez;nraypf; internet
fl;Lg;ghl;lyF (Processor
Control Unit) kw;Wk;
nray;Kiw topahf;fy; ju;f;f
myF (Processing ALU Unit )
(Fetch Execute Cycle)
kj;jpa nraw;ghl;lyF (CPU)
vz;fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f
myF(ALU).
fl;Lg;ghl;lyF(CU)
epidtf gjptfq;fs;
(Registers)
juTfSk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg;
ghl;ilAk; (Control Bus)
gy;fU nraypfs; (Multi core
processors)
2.4 gyN; tW epidtf 6 computer
tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; epidtf gbepiyapd; mtrpak ; projector
jd;ikfisAk; mwpe;J xg;gply; tpjpKiwfs; paper
nfhs;tjw;fhff ; fzpdp Book
epidtfj;ij Muha;thu white board marker
internet
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

11. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
Neuk;/jhkjk;)
gz;GfSk;
gjptpfs ;
gJf;F epidtf tiffs ;
gpujhd epidtfk; – RAM
gpujhd epidtf (RAM)
tiffs;
SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM
(ROM)
tiffs;
o PROM, EPROM and
EEPROM
,uz;lhe;ju epidtfk;
gypr;rPl;L epidtfk;
NjHr;rp 3: 3.1vz; juTfs;fzpdpapy; ,yf;fKiwr ; rhjdq;fspy; juT 10 computer
juTfs; vt;thW vt;thW gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; Njit projector
fzpdpapy; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd paper
gpujpepjpj;Jtg; vd;gijg ; gFg;gha;thu;. Kiwfs;: Book
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd ,U epiyfspy; juT white board marker
vd;gijAk; mit gpujpepjpj;Jtk;. (0,1) internet
vz;fzpj kw;Wk;
ju;f;f vz;Kiwikfs;(Number Systems)
nraw;ghLfspy; Jtpjk; (Binary) vz;kk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; (Octal) gjpdWkk
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

12. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
(Hexadecimal)
vz;KiwikfSf;fpilapyhd
khw;wy;fs;
jrk vz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
(signed) FwpaPblg;gl;lJk ;
FwpaPblg;glhjJk; (Unsigned)
Fwpaplg;gl;l KO vz;fspd;
(Integers) gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Xd;wpd; epug;gp (one’s
compliment)
(two’s
compliment)
3.2 vOj;Jj; juTfs; 4 computer
(vOj;JUf;fs;> gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; projector
,yf;fq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;) ,Ukf; FwpKiw jrkk; paper
fzpdpapy; vt;thW (BCD) Book
gpujpepjpj;Jtg; jfty; ,ilkhw;Wf;fhd white board marker
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd mnkupf;f epak tpjpf;Nfhit internet
vd;gijg ; gFg;gha;Tr; (ASCII)
nra;thu EBCDIC
A+dpNfhl; (Unicode)
3.3Jtpjvz;fspy;mbg;gil Jtpj vz;fzpj nraw;ghLfs:; 4
vz;fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f (KO vz;fs; khj;jpuk;)
hPjpahd nraw;ghLfisg ; o $l;ly;> fopj;jy;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;
gpl; thupahd jHf;ftpaw;
nraw;ghLfs ;(BitwiseLogicOperations)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

13. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
NjHr;rp 4. 4.1 mbg;il ,yf;fKiwj ; ,yf;fKiwj;;ju;f;fgliyfSk; 6 computer
mbg;gil,yf;fr; ju;f;fg; gliyfis (Digital Logic Gates) mtw;wpd; projector
Rw;Wf;fisAk; (Digital Logic Gates) cz;ik ml;ltizfSk; (Truth paper
rhjdq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jt Tables) Book
tbtikg;gjw;Fj ; njhopw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilj ; ju;f;fg; gliyfs ; white board marker
jHf;fgliyfis mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;T (Basic Logic Gates) internet
ghtpg;ghu; nra;thu; NOT, OR, AND, XOR
Nru;khd (Combinational)
gliyfs;
NAND, NOR, XNOR
nghJg; gliyfs;
NAND, NOR
4.2 g+ypad; ml;ruf;fzpj ,U epiyjHf;ftpaYk;(Two State 8 computer
(Boolean Algebra); Logic) g+ypad; ml;ruf;fzpjKk; projector
tpjpiaAk; fhNdh (Boolean Algebra) paper
tiuglj;ijAk; (Postulates) Book
(Karnaugh map) ntspg;gil cz;ikfSk; white board marker
cgNahfpj;J ju;f;ftpaw; (Axioms) internet
$w;Wfis (Laws) Njw;wq;fs;
vspikahf;Fthu; (Theorems)
gupkhw;W (Commutative), $l;L
(Distributive).
milahsk; (Identity)>
kpifik (Redundancy)
B NkhfdJ - (De Morgan’s)
(Standard Logical Expressions)
ngUf;fq;fspd;$l;Lj;njhifAk;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

14. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
$l;Lj;njhiffspd;
ngUf;fq;fSk; (Product of
Sum- POS)
SOP apypUe;J POS w;Fk;
kw;Wk; mjd; kWjiyAk;
G+ypad; Njw;wq;fs;
fhNdh tiuglk; (Kanaugh
map) vd;gd cgNahfpj;J
vspikahf;Fjy;
4.3 ju;f;ftpay;gliyfisg; 6 computer
gad;gLj;jp vspa ,yf;fr; ml;ltizfSk; ju;f;ftpaw; projector
Rw;Wf;fisAk; NfhitfSk ; (%d;W cs;sPLfs; paper
rhjdq;fisAk; tiu) Book
tbtikg;ghu; Digital white board marker
Circuit) tbtikg;G internet
4.4 kj;jpa nraw;ghl;lyfpy; CPU tpd; fll; ikg;Gf; $Wfs ; 6 computer
Nru;khd ju;f;fr; Rw;Wf;fs; miu $l;b (Half Adder) projector
vt;thW KOikf ; $l;b (Full Adder) paper
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd Book
vd;gij Muha;tJld; Nrkpj;jy; white board marker
ngsjpf epidtfj;jpy; gpd;D}l;ly; tisak; internet
(physical memory) njhlup (feedback loop)
Rw;Wfs; (sequencial vO tpOtpfs ; (Flip – flops)
circuits) vt;thW
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd
vd;gjidAk; Muha;thu;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

15. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
NjHr;rp 5: 5.1 fzpdp ,af;f 4 computer
fzpdpapd; KO Kiwikapid tiuaiw (Operating System) mwpKfk; projector
mstpyhd nra;tJld; fzpdpapy; paper
nraw;ghLfis mtw;wpd; Njitia Book
Kfhikj;Jtk tprhupg;ghu; njhopw;ghLfs; white board marker
,ilKfj;ij (interface) internet
toq;fy;
nray; Kfhikj;Jtk;
(process management)
ts Kfhikj;Jtk;
ghJfhg;Gk; fhg;Gk;
tifg;gLj;jy ;
jdpg;gadu; (Single User)– jdp
gzp (Single Task)
jdpg;gadu; (Single User)–
gw;gzp (Multi Task)
gw;gadu; (Multi User)– gw;gzp
(Multi Task)
gy;nrayhf;fk; (Multi
threading)
epfo; Neuk; (Real Time)
Neug;gfpu;T (time sharing)
Kiwikfs
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

16. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
5.2 ,af;f Kiwik File Types) 6 computer
fzpdpfspy; Nfhg;G Nfhg;G tiffspd; mtrpak; projector
fisAk; (files) (.exe, .jpg .txt Nghd;wd) paper
milTfisAk; (Directory)> Nfhg;G Book
(directories/ folders) vd;gtw;wpd; xOq;fikg;G white board marker
vt;thW Kfhik Nfhg;G gbepiy (file hierarchi) internet
nra;fpd;wJ vd;gijf; File Systems)-
fz;lha;th FAT Nghd;wd
File Security)
flTr;nrhy; (Passwords)
mZfy; cupik (Access
Privileges)
Nrkpg;G xJf;fPL (storage
allocation)
(contiguous allocation)
(Index
Allocation)
(Defragmentation)
tl;L tbtikg;gpd;
tUtpisTk; mtrpaKk ;
(Need and outcome of disk
formatting)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

17. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
5..3 ,af;f KiwikahdJ 6 computer
fzpdpapd; nray;fis interrupts),ilA+W projector
vt;thW epu;tfpf;fpd;wJ ifahsYk; (interrupts handling) paper
vd;gij Muha;thu; (Process Book
Management) white board marker
(process states) internet
(Process
Transitions)
(Context
switching)
(Process
Schedulers)
5.4 ,af;f KiwikahdJ 6 computer
tsq;fis vt;thW epidtf Kfhikj;Jtk; projector
epu;tfpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij myF (MMU) paper
Muha;thu;. ngsjPf epidtfk; (physical Book
memory) white board marker
nka;epfu; epidtfk; (virtual internet
memory)
Kfhikj;Jtk ;
rhjdr; nrYj;jpfs; (device
drivers)
Rw;Wjy; (Spooling)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

18. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
NjHr;rp 6: 6.1 rkpf;iQfisAk; 4 computer
jfty; gfpu;itr; mtw;wpd; ,yf;f Kiw (digital) projector
nraw;jpwDs;s rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; Xg;Gik (analog) paper
tifapy; gfpu;T Muha;thu; Book
nra;tjw;fhfjuT tPr;rk; (amplitude) white board marker
njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; mjpu;ntz; (frequency) internet
fzpdptiyaikg;G miyePsk; (wave length)
vd;gtw;wpd; mtj;ij (phase)
njhopy;El;gq;fis
Muha;thu; (propagation) Ntfk;
6.2 rkpf;iQ CLflj;jy; 4 computer
Clfq;fis Ma;T (guided media) projector
nra;thu; KWf;fpa Nrhb (Twisted Pair) paper
Xur;R tlk; (Coaxial Cable), Book
,io xspapay; (Fibre white board marker
Optics) Nghd;wd internet
ntw;W ntsp (free space)-
topgLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fs;
(unguided media)
rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
(Latency)
(Bandwidth)
(Noise)
(Attenuation )
(Distortion)
vspa ,lj;jpay; (simple topology)-
,lj;jpw;F ,l (point-to-point)
,izg;G
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

19. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
6.3 rkpf;iQf; $Wfisg; 4 computer
gad;gLj;jp ,yf;fKiwj; rkpf;iQf ; $Wfspd; ,zf;fg;ghL projector
juTfs; vt;thW – elg;nghOq;F ( a protocol) paper
Fwpaplg;gLfpd;wJ ,U vspa $Wfs;- ,U Book
(encode) vd;gij Nthy;w;wsT kl;lq;fs; white board marker
tprhupg;ghu; (tPr;rq;fs;) internet
Vida rhj;jpag;ghLfs;
(RUf;fkhf)
rkpf;iQf; $Wfs; khwf;$ba
Ntfk;
xUq;F epfo;tpd; mtrpak;
(timing/clocks)
Manchester Fwpaply;
tOf;fisf; ifahSjy ;
(Parity)
6.4 ,uz;L njhiy 4 computer
rhjdq;fis tiyaikg;G (PSTN) projector
,izg;gjw;F nghJ ,U epiyfSf;fpilapy; paper
Mspaplg;gl;l njhiyNgrp xg;Gik Fuy; nry;tjw;F Book
tiyaikg;gpd; (Public Rw;nwhd;iw toq;Fjy; white board marker
Switched Telephone (modulation) internet
Network (PSTN)) gz;gpwf;fk; (demodulation) kw;Wk;
gad;ghl;il Muha;thu; Nkhnlk; (modem)
xg;Gik rkpf;iQf;
$Wfisg; gad;gLj;jpjjuTFwpaply
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

20. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
Nkhnlk; gad;gLj;jp ,U
rhjdq;fis ,izj;jy;
6.5 gy rhjdq;fis 4 computer
tiyaikg;nghd;wpy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izg;gJ (all – projector
,izg;gjpy; cs;s to - all) eilKiw rhj;jpakw;wJ paper
gpur;rpidfis vt;thW Book
ifahs;tJ vd;gij vspik white board marker
tprhupg;ghu gpur;rpid : ghl;il internet
mZfiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
(Clfk;)
tpd;kPd; (Star)
tisak; (Ring)
fz;zp (Mesh)
,izg;G Ftpad; (Hubs)
Mspfs; (Switches)
6.6 Clf mZfy;fl;Lg;ghL (LAN) 4 computer
(MAC) elg;nghOq;fpd; projector
tfpgq;fpid Muha;thu; (addresses);: MAC paper
(frames) Book
white board marker
mZfy; kpf vspa elg;nghOq;F internet
ALOHA tpypUe;J Ethernet
w;fhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
(Broadcasting and unicasting)
nra;jpfs;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

21. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
6.7 ,izaj;ij 6 computer
mikg;gjw;Fg ; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l projector
gy;tiyaikg;Gfs; tiyaikg;GfSld; ,izj;jy; paper
vt;thW xd;Nwhnlhd;W – Eiothapy; (gateway) Book
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd MAC Kftupaply; kw;Wk; LAN white board marker
vd;gij Muha;thu; njhopDl;gk; vd;gtww; pypUe;J internet
RahjPdkhd cyfshtpa
jdpj;Jtr ; rPuhd Kftupaplypd;
mtrpak;
IPv4 Kftupaply;
IP fis tiyaikg;gpw;F
xJf;Fjy;
(subnetting)
(subnet mask)
---------------------
CIDR FwpaPL
( Private)IPKftupfs;
DHCP
IPv4 Kftupfspd;
gw;whf;FiwAk; mjw;F jPu;thf
IPv6 ck; (NkNyhl;lk;)
Nrupl topiaf ; fz;lwpjy;
topr;nrYj;jYk; topg;gLj;jpAk
nghjp kilkhw;wy;
rpwe;j Nru;g;gpg;G Kaw;rp
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

22. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
6.8 ,izaj;jpy; 4 computer
Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;nwhU gpuNahf nraypf;Fj ; projector
elg;nghOq;Ffspd; juitr; Nru;g;gpj;jy; paper
tfpghfj;ij Muha;thu IP apdhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l xU Book
Xk;Gdupd; (host) gy; white board marker
gpuNahfq;fs; internet
Multiplexing) – mNj
IP apy; gy;Kbtplq;fs;
thapy;fSk; (ports) thapy;
,yf;fq;fSk
o UDP
o TCP
6.9 ,izaj;jpd; rpy (DNS) 4 computer
gpuNahfq;fis Muha;thu o IP Kftupfis Qhgfk; projector
itj;Jf;nfhs;tJ fbdk ; paper
khdpl el;Gilg; ngau;fs; Book
gbepiy ngau; ntsp white board marker
xt;nthU Ms;fsKk; mjd; internet
fPOs;s ngau;fis Kfhik
nra;tjw;Fg ; nghWg;gha;
,Uj;jy;
cau; kl;l Ms;fsq;fs;
Nritg; gadu; khjpup
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

23. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
6.10 tiyaikg;gpd; khjpup 4 computer
fl;likg;ig (network gpuNahfk; projector
architecture) tpgupg;gjw;Ff; Nghf;Ftuj;J paper
Fwpg;G khjpupfspd; ,izak; Book
(Reference models) tiyaikg;gpw;fhd Xk;Gdu; white board marker
tfpghfj;ijf; fz;lwpthu khjpup internet
gpuNahf mLf;F (Application
Layer)
Kd;itg;G mLf;F
(Presentation Layer)
mku;T mLf;F (Session Layer)
Nghf;Ftuj;J mLf;F
(Transport Layer)
tiyaikg;G mLf;F
(Network Layer)
juT ,izg;G mLf;F (Data
Link Layer)
ngsjPf mLf;F (physical
Layer)
6.11 ,izaj;Jld; 4 computer
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s xg;gKk; (Encryption and digital projector
rhjdq;fspd; ghJfhg;G signature)- mwpKfk; paper
kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; nghJr; rhtp (public key) Book
vd;gtw;wpd; ghJfhg;Gf; jdpKiwr; rhtp (private key) white board marker
fhuzpfis tprhupg;ghu; xg;gkply; (signing) internet
(Threats)
er;Repuy;fs; (viruses)
Trojans
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

24. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
td;k nkd;nghUs; (Malware)
tptuj; jpUl;L (Phishing)
o Firewalls
er;Repuy; vjpu; nkd;nghUs;
fy;tp/ rpwe;j mwpT /ey;y
nray;fs;
6.12 mf tiyaikg;Gfis 4 computer
(Home Networks) (ISPs) projector
,izaj;Jld; paper
,izg;gjw;fhfg; toq;Fdu;fSld; ,izj;jy; Book
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Nkhnlk; Modems white board marker
,izar; Nrit o DSL/ADSL internet
toq;Fdu;fs; (ISPs) IP fis gad;gLj;Jk;
kw;Wk; njhopDl;gk; mf ,lj;Jup tiyaikg;G
vd;gtw;wpd; tfpghfj;ij o tiyaikg;G Kftup ngau;g;G
Muha;thu; (Network Address Translation –
NAT)/ gjpyhl;fs; (Proxies)
Nju;r;rp 7 7.1 Kiwikfspd; 4 computer
jfty; Kiwik rpwg;gpay;Gfis Muha;thu; projector
tpUj;jpapy; jpwe;j kw;Wk; %ba paper
Kiwik Kiwikfs; Book
vz;zf;fUit ,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;if white board marker
Muha;tJld; Kiwikfs; internet
fl;likg;GKiwik capu;thOk; (living) kw;Wk;
gFg;gha;T>tbtikg;G ngsjPf (physical) Kiwikfs
Kiwapaiyg;
ghtpg;ghu;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

25. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
7.2 gy;NtW tifr;nraw;if 4 computer
Kiwikfis mtw;wpd; mYtyfj; jd;dpaf;f projector
Fwpf;Nfhs;fspdJk; Kiwikfs;(OAS) paper
nraw;ghLfspdJk; gupkhw;w nrayhf;f Book
mbg;gilapy; xg;gpl;L Kiwikfs; (TPS) white board marker
Ntwhf;Fthu; Kfhikj;Jt jfty; internet
Kiwikfs; (MIS)
jPu;khd cjT Kiwikfs;
(DSS)
epiwNtw;W cjT
Kiwikfs; (ESS)
Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikfs;
(GIS)
mwpT Kfhikj;Jt
Kiwikfs; (KMS)
cs;slf;f Kfhikj;Jt
Kiwikfs; (CMS)
epWtd %yts jpl;lkply;
Kiwikfs; (ERPS)
#l;bifKiwikfs;(Smartsystems)
7.3 gy;NtWgl;l jfty; 8 computer
Kiwik tpUj;jp khjpupfs ; (SDLC) projector
khjpupfisAk; Kiwik ePu; tPo;r;rp (Waterfall) paper
tpUj;jp RUsp (Spiral) Book
Kiwapay;fisAk; Agile white board marker
Muha;thu; %ytif khjpup (prototype) internet
Jupj gpuNahf tpUj;jp (Rapid
Applications Development)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

26. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
Kiwapay;fs ;
fl;likf;fg;gl;lit
(structured)
nghUs; Nehf;F (Object
Oriented)
7.4fl;likg;G Kiwik 2 computer
gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; kw;Wk; tbtikg;G Kiwapay; projector
tbtikg;G Kiwapaiyg ; mwpKfk; paper
ghpNrhjpg;ghu; (SSADM) Book
tl;lj;jpd; fl;lq;fs; white board marker
7.5 internet
Gjpa jfty; eilKiwapYs;s 4 computer
Kiwiknahd;wpw;fhd Kiwikapd; gpur;rpidfis projector
NjitiaAk; mjd; ,dq;fhzy; paper
rhj;jpag;ghl;ilAk; o jfty; Kiwfspd; Book
tprhupg;ghu Njitfis white board marker
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jy; internet
(feasibility
study)
njhopDl;gr; rhj;jpag;ghL
(Technical feasibility)
nghUshjhur;rhj;jpag;ghL
(Economical feasibility)
nraw;ghl;Lr; rhj;jpag;ghL
(Operational feasibility)
jhgdr; rhj;jpag;ghL
(Organizational feasibility)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

27. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
7.6 18 computer
eilKiw Kiwikia nray;ghl;Lj; Njitfs; projector
gFg;gha;tjw;F gy;NtW (Functional requirements) paper
Kiwfisg; ghtpg;ghu; nray;rhuhj; Njitfs; (Non – Book
functional requirements) white board marker
internet
nraw;ghl;L tpsf;f
tiuglq;fs;
tzpf nraw;ghl;L;
khjpupAUthf;fy;
(Business Activity Model)
juT gha;r;ry;
khjpupAUthf;fy; (Data Flow
Modeling - DFM)
(Data Flow Diagram - DFD)
mbg;gilr; nra;Kiw
tpgupg;GfSk; (Elementary
Process Descriptions -
EPD)
ju;f;fj ; juT khjpupAUthf;fy;
(Business System Options -BSO)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

28. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
7.7 14 computer
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lKiwikia ju;f;f juT khjpupAUthf;fy; projector
tbtikg;ghu; paper
Kiwikf;fhd ju;f;f juT Book
gha;r;ry; tiuglk; white board marker
internet
mbg;gilr; nra;Kiw
tpgupg;Gk; (Elementary
process description - EPD)
ju;f;f juT khjpupAUthf;fy ;
Kiwikf;fhd ju;f;f
juTf ;fl;likg;G (Logical
Data Structure)
juTj;js ngsjPf tbtikg;G
(Table) kw;Wk;
gjpT tpguf;$w;Wfs;(record
descriptions)
(Data
Dictionary)
7.8 6 computer
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lKiwikia projector
tpUj;jp nra;J ghPl;rpg;ghu paper
guPl;ir jUtha;fs; (Test Book
cases) white board marker
internet
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

29. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
ntz;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G (White
Box Testing)
fWg;Gg;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G (Black
Box Testing)
myF Nrhjpg;G
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Nrhjpg;G
Kiwik Nrhjpg;G
Vw;Gr; Nrhjpg;G
7.9 4 computer
tpUj;jpahf;fg;gl;l (Deployment) projector
Kiwikia tpupTWj;Jthu rkhe;juk; (Parallel) paper
Neub (Direct) Book
Kd;Ndhb (Pilot) white board marker
fl;lk; (Phase) internet
juT ngau;r;rpAk; (migration) gadu;
gapw;Wtpg;Gk;
(Review)cjtp(support)
kw;Wk; guhkupg;G
7.1 4 computer
re;ijapy; nfhs;tdT nra;af;$ba nkd;nghUs; projector
nra;af;$ba (off-the-shelf) nghjpfs; ghtidapd; ed;ik paper
Kiwiknahd;iwf; nfhz;L jPikfs ; Book
Kiwik mKyhf;fiy white board marker
tpgupg;ghu; jpwd;fs;> gzpNghf;F vd;gd internet
gFg;gha;T
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

30. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
(Business process mapping)
(Business process reengineering)
Nju;r;rp 8: 8.1 2 computer
nraw;wpwd; kw;Wk juTj; jfty; vd;gtw;wpd; projector
gaDs;s tifapy; mbg;gilfisAk; fl;likf;fg;glhjJkhd juT paper
juTfis Kfhik juTj;jsq;fSf;F mtw;wpd; Book
nra;tjw;F Vw;w Njitg;ghl;ilAk; fw;ghu; Database white board marker
juTj;jsKiwik Models) internet
tbtikj;JtpUj;jp rkjsf; Nfhg;G Kiwik (Flat
nra;thu; file Systems)
gbepiy khjpup (Hierarchical
Model)
tiyaikg;G khjpup (Network
Model)
cwTepiy khjpup (Relational
Model)
nghUs; cwTepiy khjpup
(Object Relational Model)
8.2 ER tiuglq;fs ; 12 computer
juTj;jsnkhd;wpd; jdpg;nghUl;fs; (Entities) projector
fUj;JUthf;f mikg;ig gz;Gfs; (Attributes) paper
tbtikg;ghu jdpg;nghUl;fspd; Book
,dq;fhl;bfs; white board marker
(Identifiers) internet
njhlu;G Kiwfs;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

31. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
vz;zsit (Cardinality)
cwTKiw EER (Extended ER)
ml;ltizfs; - mwpKfk
8.3 6 computer
juTj;jsnkhd;wpd; ju;f;f tiuaiw projector
jpl;lj;ij tbtikg;ghu; paper
Book
white board marker
internet
gpujpepjpj;Jtr ; rhtp (Candidate
Key)
Kjd;ikr; rhtp
khw;Wr; rhtp
me;epar;rhtp
(Domain)
8.4 6 computer
ER tiuglj;ij ju;f;fj ; projector
jpl;lkhf khw;Wthu; paper
8.5 Book
njhlu;GKiw juTj;js o gz;Gfs;(Attributes)/ epuy;fs; white board marker
khjphpapd; gpujhd $Wfis (Columns) internet
tpsf;Fthu; gjpTfs; (tuples)/epiufs;
njhlu;GKiwfs;
(Relationships)
fl;Lg;ghL tiffs;
ntw;W kWg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL
jdpj;Jtf ; fl;Lg;ghL
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

32. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
Kjd;ik rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL
me;epa rhtpf ; fl;Lg;ghL
(ml;ltiz) rupghu;j;jy;
fl;Lg;ghL
8.6 4 computer
juTj;js Kiwiknahd;wpd; Kiwikfs; (DBMS) projector
gpujhd $Wfisg;gFg;gha;T (DDL) paper
nra;thu fl;likg;G tpdty; nkhop Book
(SQL) mwpKfk; white board marker
SQL tifg;gLj;jy internet
DDL cgNahfpj;J
njhlu;GKiwj; juTj;jsj;ij
cUthf;fy;
nra;jy;
ePf;fYk;
me;epar; rhtp
vd;gtw;iwr;
Nru;j;jYk; ePf;fYk;
(DML)
o SQL ypy; DML ,d;
jd;ikfs;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

33. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
khw;wq;fisr; nra;jy;>
kPsg;ngWjy;> epfo;
epiyg;gLj;jy;> ePf;Fjy;
njupT tpdty;
gjpTfisAk; epuy;fisAk;
gpupj;njLj;jy;
nra;ifiag ; (Inner join
operation) gad;gLj;jpg; gy
ml;ltizfspypUe;J
gjpTfisAk; epuy;fisAk;
gpupj;njLj;jy;
tpdty;
8.7 14 computer
nraw;wpwidtpUj;jp nra;Ak; kpifikfSk;> Kuz;ghLfSk projector
nghUl;L juTj;js paper
mikg;igr ; rPuhfF; thu Book
white board marker
(Functional internet
dependencies)
KO mstpyhd rhu;G
epiyfs;
gFjpastpyhd rhu;G epiyfs;
khwf;$ba rhu;G epiyfs;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

34. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
(Transitive Dependencies)
g+r;rpa ,ay;ghf;fy; tbtk;
KjyhtJ ,ay;ghf;fy;
tbtk;
,uz;lhtJ ,ay;ghf;fy;
tbtk;
%d;whtJ ,ay;ghf;fy; tbtk;
NjHr;rp 9: 9.1 2 computer
gpur;rpidfisj; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk; projector
jPu;g;gjw;F nray;fis cgNahfpg;ghu vy;iyfis tiuaWj;jYk; paper
newpKiwfis Book
tpUj;jpnra;tJld; white board marker
mtw;iwepuyhf;fk; 9.2 Modularization) 4 internet
nra;tjw;Figj;jd; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjw;F computer
epuyhf;fy; NkypUe;J fPo; Kiw kw;Wk; gbKiw ePf;fy; KiwAk; projector
nkhopapid gbKiw ePf;fy; Kiw (TopDown/ stepwise refinement paper
cgNahfpg;ghu; vd;gtw;iw Muha;thu; methodology) Book
white board marker
9.3 6 internet
gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjw;F gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg;glk; computer
newpKiw mZfisg ; NghypfFwpfs; projector
gad;gLj;Jthu; ifr; RtLfs; (Hand traces) paper
9.4 2 Book
ntt;NtW nray;epuyhf;fy; white board marker
Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfq;fis fl;lis nkhopfs; (Imperative internet
(paradigms) xg;gpl;L; languages)
NtWgLj;Jthu mwptpg;G nkhopfs;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

35. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
nghUs; Nehf;F nkhopfs
9.5 2 computer
nra;epuy; mtrpak; projector
nkhopngau;g;ghd;fspd; (source codes) paper
mtrpaj;ijAk; mtw;wpd; (object Book
tiffisAk; Ma;T nra;thu;codes) white board marker
internet
(program translators)
nkhopkhw;wpfs; (Interpreters)
njhFg;ghd;fs; (Compilers)
fyg;G mZfy; (Hybrid
approach)
(Linkers)
9.6 4 computer
xUq;fpize;j tpUj;jpr; mbg;gilj; jd;ikfs; projector
R+oypd; (IDE) mbg;gilj; paper
jd;ikfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs ; Book
mjid Ma;T nra;thu; Nfhg;Gfisj ; jpwj;jYk; white board marker
Nrkpj;jYk; internet
nra;epuy;fis njhFj;jy;>
epiwNtw;wy;
(debugging)
9.7 newpKiwfisf; 10 computer
FwpKiwapLtjw;Ff; (Comments) projector
fl;lis epuy; (variables) khwpypfSk paper
nkhopnahd;iw (constants); Book
cgNahfpg;ghu; white board marker
internet
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

36. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
(operator
categories)
fzpj (arthmetical) njhlu;G
(relational) ju;f;f (logical) gpl;
thupahf (bitwise)
(Operator
precedence)
tpirg;gyif %yk; cs;sPL
epak rhjdq;fSf;F ntspaPL
9.8 12 computer
nra;epuy; tpUj;jpapy; njhlu; (sequence) projector
fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;likg;Gfisg; njupT (selection) paper
gad;gLj;Jthu kPs; epfo;T (repetition) Book
(iteration) white board marker
internet
9.9 (types 10 computer
nra;epuyhf;fypy; Jizr; subprogram) projector
nra;epuy;fisg ; (sub cl;nghjpe;jit (build in) paper
programs) gad;gLj;Jthu; gadu; tiuaWj;jit (user Book
defined) white board marker
(structure) internet
(Parameter
passing)
,ay;Gepiy kjpg;Gfs;
khwpfspd; nraw;gug;G
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

37. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
9.1 (data 8 computer
nra;epuy;fspy; juTf; structures) projector
fl;likg;Gfisg; ghtpg;ghu; o Strings paper
o Lists Book
o Tuples white board marker
o Dictionaries internet
9.11 nra;epuy;fspy; (File 6 computer
Nfhg;GfisAk; juTj; handling) projector
jsq;fisAk; mbg;gil Nfhg;Gr; paper
ifahSthu; nraw;ghLfs ; (Basic file Book
operations) white board marker
9.12 juTj; jsq;fspy; juT 4 internet
Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;thu; Vw;gLj;jy ; computer
retrieve data) projector
(add) paper
jpUj;jk; nra;jy; (modify) kw;Wk; Book
ePf;Fjy; (delete) white board marker
9.13 juTfisj; Njb (Searching 4 internet
tifg;gLj;Jthu Techniques) computer
tupirKiwj; Njly; projector
(Sequential Search) paper
(Sorting Book
Techniques) white board marker
Fkpop tifg;gLj;jy; (Bubble internet
Sort)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

38. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
NjHr;rp 10: 10.1 (www) 8 computer
gy;Y}lf cyfshtpa tiyapd;(www projector
njhopy;El;gq;fis or web) mtrpaj;ij jfty;> nra;jpfs; paper
xUq;fpizj;J Muha;thu; jdpg;gl;l> fy;tprhu;> tu;j;jfk;> Book
,izaj;jsq;fis Ma;T white board marker
tpUj;jp nra;thu; tiy thry;fs; (web portals) internet
(HTML 5 ghtid) 10.2 4 computer
gadu; Njitfisg; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tiuaWj;jy ; projector
gFg;gha;T nra;thu;(gy;Y}lf paper
cs;slf;fq;fs); cs;slf;fq;fs Book
10.3 4 white board marker
tiyg;gf;fnkhd;iw njhFjpfs; internet
cUthf;Ftjw;F (HTML) gf;f tiuaiw computer
,y; nghUj;jkhd Fwpfis jiyg; gFjp projector
(tags) ,dq;f; hzg; hu; cly; gFjp paper
gpd;dzp epwk; Book
thrfk; tbtikj;jy; white board marker
gUkDk; tu;zKk; internet
Fwpg;Gr ; Nru;j;jy;
10.4 16 computer
,izg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s cs;slf;fq;fs ; projector
(linked) tiyg; gff;q;fis Kjw;gf;fk; paper
cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; HTML ,izf;fg;gl;l gf;fq;fs; Book
ghtpg;ghu; kP ,izg;G (hyper link) white board marker
internet
gFjpfs; (gf;f milahsk)
gf;fq;fs
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

39. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
ntt;NtW jsq;fspd;
gf;fq;fs; (Gwepiy
,izg;G)
(lists)
tupiraplg;gl;l gl;bay;fs;
tupiraplg;glhj gl;bay;fs;
tpsf;fg; gl;bay;fs
gbkk; (images)
ml;ltizfs; (tables)
gyY; }lf nghUs;fs
10.5 (style sheet) 8 computer
,izag; gf;fq;fspd; mwpKfk; projector
Njhw;wj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhfg; CSS paper
ghzpj; jhisg; (style sheet) njhlupay; (syntax) Book
gad;gLj;Jthu; tpsf;ff;Fwpg;Gfs; white board marker
CSS ,id njupT nra;Ak; internet
fUtpfs ; (selectors)
element, id, class, group
CSS ,id,izg;Gnra;Ak;topfs;
cs;sf> ntspthup> cs;sik
gpd;Gyk; (background) (tu;zk;>
gbkk; (image))
thrfq;fSk; vOj;JUf;fSk;
(text & fonts)
,izg;Gfs; (links)
gl;bay;fs; (lists)
ml;ltizfs; (tables)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

40. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
10.6 tiyg;glg;ghf;ff;fUtp (authoring 10 computer
tiyg; gf;fq;fis tpUj;jp tools) mwpKfk; projector
nra;tjw;F tiyjj; sg ; paper
gilg;ghf;ff; fUtpiag ; Book
(authoring tools) ghtpg;ghu white board marker
10.7 internet
PHP, Mysql vd;gtw;iwg; mwpKfk; 6 computer
gad;gLj;jp ,af;Fepiy PHP projector
tiyg;gf;fq;fis (dynamic FwpKiwia (code) cl;nghjpjy ; paper
web pages) cUthf;Fthu khwpfs; (variables) Book
mzpfs; (arrays) white board marker
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf ; fl;likg;Gfs ; internet
(control structures)
rhu;Gfs; (functions)
juTj;js ,izg;G (database
connection)
juTj;jsq;fSld; nray;gly;
(working with databases)
(forms)
cs;sPl;Lf; $Wfs;
(Type
attribute)
(Name
attribute)
(Value
attribute)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

41. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
thrf cs;sPL (text input)
(flTr;nrhy ; (password))
NubNah nghj;jhd; (Radio
buttons)
rupghu;g;Gg; ngl;b (Check box)
njupT (Selection)
rku;g;gpj;jy; nghj;jhd;fs;
(Submit buttons)
kPsikTg ; nghj;jhd
nray; ,ay;G (Action
attribute)
Kiw ,ay;G (Method
attribute)
Get
Post
<fieldset> vd;w xl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jpg; gbtj;
juTfisf; FOthf;Fjy;
juTfis cs;sPL nra;jYk;
Mysql juTj;jsj;jpypUe;J
juTfis kPsg;ngWtjw;F PHP
FwpKiw vOJjy;
gbtg; ngWkhdq;fisg;
nghUj;Jjy;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

42. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
10.8 (Local 4 computer
tiyj;jsq;fis ntspaPL Publishing) projector
nra;J guhkupg;ghu; jdJ fzpdpapy;> paper
mftpizaj;jpy; Book
(Intranet) white board marker
internet
,iza Nrit toq;FdUf;F
(web service provider)
,izj;jy;
,iza Nritafk; (web
server) xd;wpy; ,izag;
gf;fq;fis ntspapLjy;
(publishing)
ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs
NjHr;rp 11: 11.1 ,yf;f 8 computer
nghUl;fspd; Kiwikfspd; Microprocessor DevelopmentSystems MDS projector
,izaj;ij IOT (digital systems) o Ed;nrayp tpUj;jpg; gyif paper
Muha;tJld; mbg;gil (Microprocessor Book
mtw;wpf;F fw;ww;Wz;lq;fs; Development Board) white board marker
mtrpakhd (basic buiding blocks) mwpKfk; internet
vspikahd gw;wpa mwptpidg; gz;Gf;$Wfs; (Features)
gpuNahfq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;
tpUj;jpr;nra;tjw;F (Analog Input)
,yf;fKiwikfspd;
mbg;gil (Digital Input)
fw;ww;Wz;lq;fis
,dq;fhz;ghu; (Microprocessor)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

43. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
(Digital Output)
RX kw;Wk; TX Pins
USB thapy; (Port)
(Power
supply)
Reset
Switch)
fzpdpAldhd ,izg;G
(Connect to the computer)
USB njhLg;Gilik
(Connectivity)
#oy;
nkd;nghUs;(FwpKiw
njhFg;gp> njhFg;ghd;>
nray;epuy; vOJdu;)
(IDE Software (code
editor, compiler,programmer))
vspikahd gpuNahfq;fs;
LED xd;iw xspu
tpLjYk; epWj;JjYk;
(Switch on/off a LED)
£o; xspr; nrwptpid
LDR cld;
mDg;GjYk; xsp
nrwpTf;Nfw;g LED
fis xspu tpLjYk;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

44. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
(Sending ambient light
intensity with a LDR and
switching on LEDs on
light intensity
- ntg;gepiy
czupapdhy;
miwnahd;wpd;
ntg;gepiyia
czu;jYk; cau;
ntg;gepiyapy;
tprpwpia
,af;ftpLjYk;>
epWj;JjYk; (Sensing
the room temperature
with temperature sensor
and switching on a fan
on high temperature and
off)
fhe;j MspAld; fjT
jpwj;jy; kw;Wk;
%Ljiyf;
fz;Lzu;jy; (Door computer
open/close detection with magnetic switch) projector
11.2 vspikahd 4 paper
gpuNahfq;fis (Intenet of Things (IOT)) Book
cUthf;Ftjw;F ○ tiutpyf;fzk; white board marker
nghUlfspd; ,izaj;ij (Definition) internet
Muha;thu;
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

45. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
mtrpak; (Needs)
○ gpuNahfq;fs;
(Applications)
○ ,aYikg;gLj;Jk;
njhopDl;gq;fs; (Enabling
technologies)
epu;khzpgg;jw;F vspikahd>
nghUl;fspd; ,iza gpuNahfk;
(Simple IOT application to construct
a remote switch)
NjHr;rp 12: 12.1 cyf tzpfq;fspy; (Digital) 4 computer
,d;iwa tzpf jftYk; njhlu;ghly; nghUshjhuk ; projector
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tfpghfk; ,yf;fKiw (Digital) paper
Nghl;bahd re;ij gw;wp Muha;thu;. nghUshjhuj;jpy; Gjpa tzpf Book
tha;g;gpw;Fk; jftYk; Kiwfs; white board marker
njhlu;ghly; (Reverse internet
njhopDl;gj;jpdJ Auction).
nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp (Group
Muha;thu;. Purchsing).
(e-Market Place)
kw;Wk;
pure click epWtdq;fs;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
tfpghfKk
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

46. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
fzf;fPLk; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy;El;gKk;
kdpj %ytsKk; jfty;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gKk;
cw;gj;jpAk; jfty;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gKk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;
tpw;gidAk; jfty;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gKk;
tpepNahf rq;fpypj;njhlu;
Kfhikj;JtKk; (supply chain
management) jfty;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gKk;
tzpfj ; njhlu;ghlYk; jfty;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gKk;
ghJfhg;ghd nfhLg;gdT
nghwpKiw
Eiothapy; (paymentgateway)
(credit cards) nfhLg;gdT
Paypal Nghd;wit
juT kiwFwpahf;fk;
(data encryption)
Ez;fld; gzk;
nrYj;jy;fs; (bit
coin etc.)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

47. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;jpd;
tha;g;GfSk; mr;RWj;jy;fSk;
me;juq;fk; (privacy)
jahupg;G tu;j;jfkakhf;fy;
(product commercialization
12.2 4 computer
jfty; njhlu;ghly; ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfKk; projector
njhopDl;gtpaYf;Fk ;tzpf ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfj;jpdJk; paper
nraw;ghLfSf;Fkpilapyhd ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfj;jpdJk; Book
cwTKiwiag; gFg;gha;T nraw;gug;G white board marker
nra;thu; ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfg;gupkhw;w internet
tiffs;
nka;epfu; filKfg;Gfs;
(Virtual Storefronts)
jfty; jufu;fs;
njhluwh re;ij ,lk;
(Online Market Place)
cs;slf;f toq;Fdu;
njhluwh Nrit toq;Fdu;
tiythry; (Portal)
nka;epfu; r%fk; (virtual
community)
mD$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

48. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
12.3 4 computer
thbf;ifahsUf;F re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU projector
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l re;ijg;gLj;jypy; jfty; paper
cw;gj;jpiaAk; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gg; Book
NritiaAk; cUthf;Fjy; gad;ghL white board marker
kw;Wk; internet
tpepNahfpj;jy; vDk;
mbg;gilapy; jfty; nraw;if Ez;zwpT
njhlu;ghly; fUtpfisAk; (AI tools)
njhopDl;gtpaypd; njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; nfhz;L
gq;fspg;gpidg; gFg;gha;Tr; thbf;ifahsupd; elj;ijfis
nra;thu; vjpu;T$wy;
jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;gtpaypd; Clhf
Nghl;bkpF gyd;fisg;ngwy;
(Mobile
Marketing
Nju;r;rp 13: 13.1 4 computer
jfty; njhlu;ghly; fzpj;jypd; Gjpa czu;jpwd;kpf;fJkhd fzpj;jy ; projector
njhopDl;gtpaypd; Nghf;FfisAk; vjpHfhy (Intelligent and emotional computing) paper
Gjpa Nghf;FfisAk; topfhl;Ljy;fisAk; (Artificial Book
vjpHfhy Muha;thu; intelligence) white board marker
topfhl;Ljy;fisAk; internet
Muha;thu; (Man – Machine coexistence)
xUq;fpUj;jy; Machine to Machine
coexistence)
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..

49. ghlk;: ICT
ghl Mrpupah; ngah;:
myF
/cg
myF Njh;;r;rp Njh;;r;rpkl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
ghl
Ntis
ju cs;sPL
fzpg;
gPl;Lv
z;
cj;Njr
j;jpfjp
epiwNt
w;wpajpf
jp Fwpg;G
Mrphpah;
xg;gk;
mjpgh;/Nk
w;ghh;itx
g;gk;
13.2 (software 4 computer
Kftu; njhopDl;gtpaypd; agents) projector
mbg;gilfisAk; multi – paper
gpuNahfq;fisAk; Muha;thu; agent systems) Book
white board marker
gpuNahfq;fs ; (Application of agent internet
systems))
13.3 Von- Neumann fzpdpf;F mg;ghy; 4 computer
jw;NghjpUf;Fk; fzpj;jypd; projector
khjphpfis Ma;tJld; Gjpa (Nature inspired computing) paper
khjphpfis Kd;nkhopthu; Book
(Biology inspired computing) white board marker
internet
(fundamentals of quantum
computing)
NjHr;rp 14. 14.1 15 computer
vspikahd jfty; jfty; Kiwik projector
Kiwiknahd;iwr ; tbtikj;jypy; paper
nraw;wpl;l (Project) nraw;wpl;lq;fis Book
nkhd;whf tbtikj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;thu; white board marker
mKyhf;Fthu internet
14.2 jfty; Kiwikiar; 15 computer
nraw;gLj;JtJld; nra;J projector
fhl;Lthu; paper
Book
white board marker
internet
tphpthd Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ghlg;gjpTk; jtiz:…………………..