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Semelhante a 8.cattle & fodder requirement
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8.cattle & fodder requirement
- 4. 4 CONTD… Animals No. of animal (in 000) 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 Cattle 180140 192453 199695 204584 174974 Buffalo- es 62019 69783 75967 84206 84027 P.T.O
- 5. 5 CONTD… Sheep 40907 48765 45703 50783 55311 Goats 75620 95255 110207 115279 102255
- 9. 9 ROLE OF FOREST • About 60% of livestock graze • In addition green fodder collection • 78% of forest area affected • 67% of NPs and 83% of sanctuaries affected • Nearly 30% of fodder requirement is met from forest • Adverse effects
- 10. 10 CONTD… • DEFINITIONS 1.Grazing Lands 2. Rangelands 3. Pasture
- 11. 11 CONTD… 4. RANGE MANAGEMENT – The science and art of planning and directing range use to obtain the maximum livestock production consistent with conservation of range resources.
- 12. 12 CONTD… 5. GRAZING PRESSURE – Relationship between demand for forage by animals and a combination of daily herbage increment and standing crop of vegetation. Dry matter demand/ animal/ day X no of animals /ha Dry matter available /day/ha G.P =
- 13. 13 6. COW UNIT CATTLE EQUIVALENT COW UNIT Cow or Bullock 1 Buffalo 2 Camel 8 Goat or Sheep 1/2
- 15. 15 CONTD… 8. CARRYING CAPACITY The maximum no. of animals that can graze each year on a given area of range for a specific no. of days without inducing a downward trend in forage quality and soil.
- 16. 16 CONTD… S.NO TYPE OF FOREST MAX. GRAZING CAPACITY (COW UNIT PER HA ) 1. Moist Type 1.6 2. Dry Type i) Teak Forest 0.8 ii) Mixed Forest 1.2 3. Scrub Forest 60 cow unit per 100ha
- 17. 17 CONTD… 9. HAY • Conservation of green forage into dry form without affecting the quality of original material.
- 18. 18 CONTD… 10. SILAGE – Product obtained by packing fresh fodder in a suitable container and allowing it to ferment under anaerobic conditions without undergoing much loss of nutrients.
- 19. 19 GRASS LANDS OF INDIA Type – Eight Broad types by ICAR(1954) • Grass land • 1. Sehima/ Dichanthium • 2. Dichanthium/ Cenchrus • 3. Phragmites/ Saccharum
- 20. 20 CONTD… • 4.Bothriochloa • 5.Cymbopogon • 6.Arundinella • 7.Deyeuxia/Arundinella • 8.Deschampsia/Deyeuxia
- 21. 21 CONTD… • Subsequently five types (Dabadghao and Shankar Narayan 1973) • Sehima- Dichanthium type • Dichanthium-Cenchrus- Lasiurus type
- 22. 22 CONTD… • Phragmites-Saccharum- Imperata type • Themeda- Arundinella type • Temperate alpine type
- 24. 24 CAUSES OF DETERIORATION 1. Premature grazing 2. Continuous grazing 3. Trampling 4. Selective Feeding 5. Bad Distribution of cattle
- 25. 25 IMPROVEMENT AND MANAGEMENT 1.LIVE STOCK Mgt. P.T.O
- 26. 26 CONTD… 2. GRAZING Mgt. - Grazing Load - Kind of Cattle - Grazing Distribution
- 27. 27 CONTD… - Time of grazing - Grazing Methods i) Deferred ii) Rotational iii) Deferred & Rotational
- 28. 28 3. MANAGEMENT OF GRAZING LANDS •Closure •SMC measures •Weed control •Reseeding
- 29. 29 CONTD… • Burning • Legume Introduction • Liming Fertilization & Manuring • Introduction of Top feed
- 31. 31 CONTD… • Anjan – Cenchrus ciliaris syn. Pennisetum cenchroides) • DHAMAN- Cenchrus biflorus
- 32. 32 CONTD… These are separate spp the former with a dark rough flower and the latter with a lighter and more hairy inflorescence but have the same fodder value and the vernacular names are often interchanged. P.T.O
- 33. 33 CONTD… They do best in a regular and fairly heavy rainfall but anjan persists in very arid conditions if sown on deeply ploughed land.
- 34. 34 CONTD… • Palwan or janewah (in U.P) – Dicanthium annulatum syn. Bothriochloa pertusa
- 35. 35 CONTD… • Is the best fodder grass in the U.P but falls off in value and quantity with erratic rainfall, though it is palatable all the year round and has a persistent flowering habit. P.T.O
- 36. 36 CONTD… 3. Dub, Khabbal- Cynodon dactylon – Is the obvious choice for grassing down field drains and escape outlet, and its use for this purpose should be greatly extended. P.T.O
- 37. 37 To get the best results it requires cultivation and where a quick cover is essential to stop further soil loss from newly made drains a top dressing of chemical manure is justified.
- 38. 38 CONTD… •Khaus, ganni, gandhi (Iseilema laxum) –A perennial bunch grass though sometimes creeping which persists in heavier clay soils even with a very low rainfall Found in southern U.P & other parts.
- 39. 39 CONTD… • Sariala (Heteropogon contortus, Spear grass)- is the commonest hill side cover in Punjab. Owing to its crop of barbs it can only be harvested either before flowering or after it is fully mature when the bunches of barbs can only be shaken out during or after cutting. It should not be sown along with other grasses but kept as a pure crop. Where it is firmly P.T.O
- 40. 40 CONTD… -established as a natural crop it is not feasible to oust it or replace it with anything better, owing to its persistency. Contour trenching of typical sariala areas will result in the grass producing a much heavier yield and prolonging its growth season well into the winter.
- 41. 41 CONTD… 6. Chimbar – (Eleusine flagellifera) Found in Punjab, Haryana. It is the commonest grass of irrigated forest plantations. Inferior to Anjan in growth & yield.
- 42. 42 CONTD… DAB (Eragrostis cynosuroides or Desmostachya bipinnata) Is an inferior grass prevalent on abandoned cultivation and on heavily grazed areas and where it is common the only chance of improvement appears to P.T.O
- 43. 43 CONTD… -lie in complete closure to grazing for a period during which the land is contour ridged, the dab eradicated and better grasses cultivated after which rotational grazing should ensure that the better grasses are not again driven out by it.
- 44. 44 CONTD… 8. Lamb, lampa (Aristida depressa) is typical of the poor soils of H.P, Gujrat etc. It thrives in uplands which have been eroded down to a clay subsoil and also often persists as the commonest grass under scrub under heavy grazing.
- 45. 45 CONTD… Owing to its seed being armed with short spikes its only value is as a green fodder but it is so thin as to be not worth cutting so the only way to utilize it is controlled grazing carefully regulated to what it will stand.
- 46. 46 CONTD… 9. Swank (Panicum colunum syn. Echinochloa colonum) Is a coarse fleshy grass, a nutritious fodder but does not make good hay and is best used green .It favours heavy soils.
- 47. 47 CONTD… 10.Kahi,Kans (Saccharum spontaneum) Is a pioneer whose use in sand reclamation has now been established as it is almost invariably the first volunteer in any closure of torrent ruined land. P.T.O
- 48. 48 CONTD… Once established it requires only protection against excessive grazing to bind the surface and provide cut fodder which can be used right through the summer and early rains when other grasses are not fit for cutting.
- 49. 49 CONTD… 11. BHABBAR GRASS, SABAI (EULALIOPSIS BINATA SYN. ISCHOEMUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM) Is not normally a fodder grass, but finds a ready market as the raw material for paper & other products. The natural distribution of this grass is on the rockier and drier parts of the foothills from Nepal westwards almost to the Indus.
- 50. 50 • IMPORTANT ANIMAL FODDERS FROM SHRUBS AND TREES AND THEIR COMPOSITION
- 51. 51 CONTD…Scienti fic name Common name Chemical composition g/Kg of dry mass CP CF Ash Ca P Acacia catech u Khair 140 166 213 27.4 1.7 A. leucop hloea Safed kikar 152 188 73 11.2 2.1 A nilotica Desibabul 142 94 63 15.0 1.9
- 52. 52 CONTD… A. tortilis Israeli babul 137 64 114 - - Adina cordifolia Haldu 125 138 80 - - Aegle marmelo s Bel 151 164 140 42.4 3.0 Ailanthus exelsa Ardu 195 135 155 24.2 1.7
- 53. 53 CONTD… Albizia lebbek Siiris 178 315 115 25.7 15.0 A. Procera Kokko 181 265 80 - - Artocarpus hererophyl l-us Kathal, Jackfrui t 138 225 117 - - Azadiracht a indica Neem 150 138 106 13.9 2.4
- 54. 54 CONTD… Bahunia variegata Kachna r 158 318 82 27.0 2.6 Balanites acegyptic a Hingota 186 249 40 33.3 1.6 Cajanus cajan Arhar 298 - 99 8.5 2.5 Capparis spinosa Heens, Kabra 263 158 217 27.4 2.8
- 55. 55 CONTD… Dichorstac hys nutan Brij Babul 132 365 56 - - Dendrocal amus stricutus Bamb oo 150 235 186 15.5 1.7 Ficus glomerata Gular 112 123 184 26.6 3.1 F. Lacor Pakar 96 283 98 25.0 3.0 F. religiosa Peepa l 119 274 140 41.2 2.2
- 56. 56 CONTD… Maduca longifolia Mahua 100 205 105 15.8 1.7 Mangifera indica Mango 100 245 85 - 2.6 Moringa oleifera Drumstic k 184 163 114 17.2 2.0 Morus alba Shahtut 164 90 200 15.0 1.5 Ougeinia dalbergioi des Sandan 116 285 94 8.0 2.0
- 57. 57 CONTD… Eugeinia janholara Jamun 72 420 120 13.5 2.0 Grewia elastica Dhaman 198 112 - 27.4 0.5 Grewia Optiva Bhimal 248 - 178 35.5 3.2 Leucaena leucocephala Subabul 228 145 84 25.6 2.2
- 58. 58 CONTD… Prosopis cineraria Khejri 140 178 229 27.3 1.5 Sesbania grandiflora Sesba- nia 265 129 93 28.3 2.9 Tamarindu s indica Imli 134 177 95 33.9 1.6 Zizyphus nummulari a Jharberi 140 170 96 24.3 1.4
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