An autonomous transaction has its own COMMIT and ROLLBACK scope to ensure that its outcome does not effect the caller’s uncommitted changes. Additionally, the COMMITs and ROLLBACK in the calling transaction should not effect the changes that were finalized on the completion of autonomous transaction itself.

1. Autonomous Transaction
Indian PostgreSQL User Group Meetup
Author: Kumar Rajeev Rastogi
Email Id: rajeevrastogi@huawei.com
Cell No: +91-8971367787
Linked-Lin: in.linkedin.com/pub/rajeev-rastogi-krr/23/189/b35/

2. Contents
• Background
• Why Autonomous Transaction
• About Autonomous Transaction
• Autonomous Transaction Use-cases
• Autonomous Transaction by other DBs
• Conclusion

3. Background
Transactions are real world entities that can be expressed in the form of text,
numbers or both to be processed by a database management system. They should
make sense as actions against the database and they must be performed as a
group.
For example a request to transfer X amount from user A’s account to user B’s
account is a simple transaction, where debit from A’s account and credit to B’s
account should be performed as a group i.e. either both should be successful or
both should fail.
Other jargons related to transactions are:
1. Transaction Properties
2. Transaction isolation level
3. Sub-transaction
4. Prepare Transaction

4. Background: Transaction Properties
Transactions have the following four standard properties, usually referred to by the
acronym ACID:
• Atomicity: All changes to data are performed as if they are a single operation. That
is, all the changes are performed, or none of them are.
• Consistency: Data is in a consistent state when a transaction starts and when it
ends.
• Isolation: The intermediate state of a transaction is invisible to other transactions.
As a result, transactions that run concurrently appear to be serialized.
• Durability: After a transaction successfully completes, changes to data persist and
are not undone, even in the event of a system failure..

5. Background: Transaction Isolation
level
The isolation level of a transaction determines what data the transaction can see
when other transactions are running concurrently. Following are the supported
isolation level in PostgreSQL:
• Read-Committed: A statement can only see rows committed before it began. This
is the default behaviour.
• Repeatable Read: All statements of the current transaction can only see rows
committed before the first query or data-modification statement was executed in
this transaction
• Serializable: All statements of the current transaction can only see rows
committed before the first query or data-modification statement was executed in
this transaction. If a pattern of reads and writes among concurrent serializable
transactions would create a situation which could not have occurred for any serial
(one-at-a-time) execution of those transactions, one of them will be rolled back
with a serialization_failure error

6. Background: Sub-Transaction
Sub-transaction, as the name suggest is part of main transaction, which is used in
order to take decision on intermediate operation performed inside main
transactions. This is mainly used for below purposes:
• Savepoint: If within a main transaction, you sometime required to rollback some
part of transaction, then we can define a save-point at a point till where rollback
needs to be done. Once a save-point is defined and any operation done with-in
that a new nested transaction called sub-transaction gets started and main
transaction gets pushed to the stack. Once user issues the command to ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT, subtransaction gets rollbacked without effecting the main transaction
and corresponding changes done to database. Also main transaction get popped
up to continue the further operation.
• Procedure with exception: If there is any procedure with exception handling
defined with-in that means there is failure chance during the execution of
procedure. So in such a sub-transaction gets under which all procedure related
operations are performed and if the failure happens, then this sub-transaction gets
rollbacked without effecting the operation done before procedure call.
There may be multiple level of nested sub-transaction, so once a sub-transaction
rollbacks, it rollbacks all the intermediate sub-transactions also.

7. Background: Prepare Transaction
PREPARE TRANSACTION prepares the current transaction for two-phase commit.
After this command, the transaction is no longer associated with the current
session; instead, its state is fully stored on disk, and there is a very high probability
that it can be committed successfully, even if a database crash occurs before the
commit is requested.
Each prepare transaction is given a name, which can be used later to commit
or rollback the transactions.

8. Contents
• Background
• Why Autonomous Transaction
• About Autonomous Transaction
• Autonomous Transaction Use-cases
• Autonomous Transaction by other DBs
• Conclusion

9. Why Autonomous Transaction
Already so many transaction jargons,
Why do we need one more?

10. Why Autonomous Transaction
Current form of transaction (called main transaction) in PostgreSQL uses the full
context of transaction i.e. it has control on whole transaction life span and has
visibility to all changes in current transaction.
So it is not possible to commit some part of transaction without effecting
the other part of transaction.
Hence a feature called “Autonomous Transaction” is required to address the
above mentioned issue.

11. Contents
• Background
• Why Autonomous Transaction
• About Autonomous Transaction
• Autonomous Transaction Use-cases
• Autonomous Transaction by other DBs
• Conclusion

12. About Autonomous Transaction
An autonomous transaction has its own COMMIT and ROLLBACK scope to ensure that
its outcome does not effect the caller’s uncommitted changes. Additionally, the
COMMITs and ROLLBACK in the calling transaction should not effect the changes that
were finalized on the completion of autonomous transaction itself.
Also calling transaction is suspended until the called transaction
returns control. You can suspend the calling transaction, perform SQL operations and
COMMIT or ROLLBACK them in autonomous transaction, and then resume the calling
transaction.
Autonomous Transaction have the following characteristics:
 The autonomous transaction does not see uncommitted changes made by the
main transaction and does not share locks or resources with main transaction.
 Changes in an autonomous transactions are visible to other transactions upon
commit of the autonomous transactions. Thus , users can access the updated
information without having to wait for the main transaction to commit.
 Autonomous transactions can start other autonomous transaction. There are no
limit, other than resource limits, on how many levels of autonomous transaction
can be started.

13. About Autonomous Transaction
Contd…
Following figures show how control flows from main transactions (MT) to
autonomous transaction (AT):
Prcoedure proc1
emp integer
Begin
emp = 10
insert …
select … proc2()
Delete …
commit;
End;
Prcoedure proc2
autonomous tx…
dept int
Begin
dept = 20
update …
commit;
End;
MT Begins
MT Ends
MT Suspends
AT begins
AT Ends
MT resumes

14. Contents
• Background
• Why Autonomous Transaction
• About Autonomous Transaction
• Autonomous Transaction Use-cases
• Autonomous Transaction by other DBs
• Conclusion

15. Autonomous Transaction Use-cases
Autonomous transaction is useful for many scenarios, some of the top use-cases are
as below:
 Error Logging
 Auditing

16. Autonomous Transaction Use-cases:
Error Logging
One of the very classic use-cases of autonomous transaction is “Error Logging”.
Say a procedure is defined, which does some operation on the database and
incase of any failure it maintains the failure information in a separate relation. But
because of current transaction behavior, whole data will be roll-backed and hence
error information will be also lost, which might have been required for future analysis.
In order to solve this issue, we can use autonomous transaction as shown
below:
CREATE OR REPLACE function operation(err_msg IN VARCHAR) returns void AS $$
BEGIN
INSERT INTO at_test(id, description) VALUES (998, ‘Description for 998’);
INSERT INTO at_test(id, description) VALUES (999, NULL);
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHER THEN
PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION;
INSERT INTO error_logs(id, timestamp, err_msg) VALUES(nextval(‘errno’),
timenow(), err_msg);
COMMIT;
RAISE not_null_violation;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

17. Autonomous Transaction Use-cases:
Error Logging Contd…
Schema used in example are:
 Table to store actual data having NOT NULL constraint:
CREATE TABLE at_test(id int, description varchar(100) NOT NULL);
 Error logging table to store error information:
CREATE TABLE error_logs(id int, log_time timestamp, err_msg varchar(100));
 Sequence to maintain error counting:
CREATE SEQUENCE errno;
So above procedure operation is defined in such a way that if insertion to at_test
fails, then it should log the failure information in the error_logs table along with
error number and timestamp at which error happened.
Now lets see below for execution of procedure:
postgres=# select operation(‘failure’);
ERROR: not null violation
STATEMENT: select operation(‘failure’);
ERROR: not_null_violation

18. Autonomous Transaction Use-cases:
Error Logging Contd…
*After execution of procedure:
Postgres=# select * from error_logs;
id | log_time | err_msg
----+---------------------+---------
5 | 2014-01-17 19:57:11 | error
postgres=# select * from at_test;
id | decsription
----+-------------
(0 rows)
As we can see from procedure definition, on failure, it catches the exception and
starts the autonomous transaction to log error and then it commits only operation
done in autonomous transaction and rest of operation gets roll-backed. As result
shows the error log information still available in error_logs table but other data from
at_test table got roll-backed.
* Result is based on current prototype of autonomous transaction.

19. Autonomous Transaction Use-cases:
Auditing
Autonomous transaction is useful for auditing purpose also as explained below:
As we can see from above picture, although customer order for item got roll-backed
because of unavailability of items but still customer information’s are committed in
audit table for future use.
MTx Scope ATx Scope
ATx
MTx
MT scope begins the main
transaction, MTx insert buy order
into a table
MTx invokes the autonomous
transaction scope (AT scope).
When AT scope begins, MT scope
suspends
AT updates the audit table with
customer information and
commit.
MTx seek to validate the order,
finds that the selected items are
unavailable, therefore rollback
the main transaction.

20. Contents
• Background
• Why Autonomous Transaction
• About Autonomous Transaction
• Autonomous Transaction Use-cases
• Autonomous Transaction by other DBs
• Conclusion

21. Autonomous Transaction by other
DBs
Oracle
• Autonomous Transaction was
supported by oracle starting from
8i version, which was released in
1999.
• An autonomous transaction is
defined in the declaration of
pl/sql block. This can be an
anonymous block, procedure or
trigger.
• This is done by adding the
statement ‘PRAGMA
AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION;’
anywhere in the declaration
block.
IBM DB2
• Autonomous transaction was
supported by DB2 starting from
9.7 version, which was released in
2009.
• In DB2, autonomous transaction
are implemented through
autonomous procedure.

22. Autonomous Transaction by other
DBs Contd…
Oracle
• Example:
PROCEDURE test_autonomous IS
PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS
TRANSACTION;
BEGIN
insert…
commit…
END test_autonomous;
IBM DB2
• Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE your_procedure
LANGUAGE SQL AUTONOMOUS
BEGIN
insert…
commit…
END;

23. Contents
• Background
• Why Autonomous Transaction
• About Autonomous Transaction
• Autonomous Transaction Use-cases
• Autonomous Transaction by other DBs
• Conclusion

24. Conclusion
 Autonomous Transaction is very useful specifically for auditing (e.g. in retail
sector, banking sector etc) and error logging.
 This feature can be one of very attractive feature while comparing to other open
source database available.

25. Thank You