Steel uses in buildings, steel as construction material

1. Steel
Rajat Rana | 114ar0013

2. Brief Introduction
 Steel is an alloy of Iron and other elements,
primarily Carbon.
 Because of its high tensile strength and low
cost, it is a major component in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles,
machines, appliances and weapons.
 Apart from Carbon steel- Alloy steel, Stainless
steel and Tool steels
 One of the world's most-recycled materials,
with a recycling rate of over 60% globally

3. 1. The Hearst Tower
 Office building of Hearst Corporation in
Manhattan, New York
 Tower steel structure designed by British
architect Norman Foster
 46-storey office tower whose landmark
six-story cast stone base is ornamented
with columns and allegorical statues,
while the tower portions’ diagrid
cladding is profiled stainless steel and
low-E clear glass

4. Specifications:
 Diagrid frame saves approximately 20%
steel saving approximately 2,000 tons
 Each triangle in the diagrid is four storey
tall (54 feet)
 Over 90% of its structural steel contains
recycled material
 A total of 12 raking mega columns
supports the tower

5. Use of diagrid structure:
 A framework of diagonally intersecting metal,
concrete or wooden beams used in the
construction of buildings and roofs which uses
less structural steel than a conventional steel
frame
 Allows the forces to flow naturally through the
system, which allows the gravity and lateral
loads to be transferred from the system into the
ground. The vertical gravity loads travel through
the diagonal members.
 Gave freedom when designing the interior
because the lack of interior and exterior
columns, which have to be taken into account
with "framed" buildings

6. Comparison:

7. Construction:
 Diagrids on the façade carries the
vertical and horizontal loads and
reduced 20% of steel imparting
rigidity and reducing overall weight
 Transfers the loads to the column
just below the intersection of two
diagrids
 Diagonal columns at the base
provides an additional support to
the buildings main central frame

8. 2. HL23
 Residential building located in West
Chelsea, US
 Consists of 11 condominium units
designed by American architect Neil M.
Denari
 14 storey residential building with upper
floor plate having more area than the
base due to the high line
 With a site measuring just 40 feet by 99
feet, the 14 storey condominium tower is
a practice in vertical urbanism with a
limited footprint.

9. Construction:
 Clad with a mega-panel glass and stainless steel curtain wall system, the project’s
distinct form comes from the dramatic sloping of the south and east facades,
creating a dynamic and undulating three-dimensional composition
 In order to yield a generous floor area on each storey, the design employs a
reverse-tapering form that bulges and reforms, creating a dynamic profile
 A steel curtain wall was custom-fitted on both the south and north facades,
ensuring abundant daylight as well as expansive views for the building’s
inhabitants.
 The face that looks towards the high line is clad in a three-dimensional steel panel,
creating a highly textual surface that is dynamic and identifiable.

11. Construction:
 Clad with a mega-panel glass and stainless steel curtain wall system, the project’s
distinct form comes from the dramatic sloping of the south and east facades,
creating a dynamic and undulating three-dimensional composition
 In order to yield a generous floor area on each storey, the design employs a
reverse-tapering form that bulges and reforms, creating a dynamic profile
 A steel curtain wall was custom-fitted on both the south and north facades,
ensuring abundant daylight as well as expansive views for the building’s
inhabitants.
 The face that looks towards the high line is clad in a three-dimensional steel panel,
creating a highly textual surface that is dynamic and identifiable.

13. Construction:
 Clad with a mega-panel glass and stainless steel curtain wall system, the project’s
distinct form comes from the dramatic sloping of the south and east facades,
creating a dynamic and undulating three-dimensional composition
 In order to yield a generous floor area on each storey, the design employs a
reverse-tapering form that bulges and reforms, creating a dynamic profile
 A steel curtain wall was custom-fitted on both the south and north facades,
ensuring abundant daylight as well as expansive views for the building’s
inhabitants.
 The face that looks towards the high line is clad in a three-dimensional steel panel,
creating a highly textual surface that is dynamic and identifiable.

14. Construction:
Architectural requirements played a large part in the final structural layout, and the
use of structural steel was driven by three primary factors:
• Minimizing the overall weight of the structure for the capacity of the raft foundation
• Minimizing the amount of interior columns
• Providing the perimeter diagonal architectural expression.
Due to the unique geometry of the building, the sprawling architectural layouts, the
quality of the soil, and the hybrid gravity and lateral load system on the perimeter of
the building, steel was the more economical and efficient material of choice.

15. Construction:
 Steel plate shear wall (SPSW) system provided the
benefits of increased stiffness and smaller
dimension
 Located at the elevator and stairs in combinations
with a full building perimeter braced frame
system
 Incorporation of Perimeter lateral pipe braces into
the final interior aesthetics and synergy between
form and function

16. 3. Burj Al Arab
 Luxury hotel in Dubai, UAE
 Third tallest hotel in the world
 Shape of the structure is designed to
resemble the sail of a ship
 Led by Architect Tom Wright
 Contains over 70,000 m3 of concrete and
9,000 tons of steel

17. Structure:
 Exoskeleton frame on the
periphery of the building
 Truss system transfers the load to
lower members
 Central spine keeps the building
intact and transmits gravity loads
 Membrane cover of 1mm thick
glass fiber fabric with a Teflon
coat, area of one and half a
football

18. Construction:
Structural Expressionism: Exposed truss
work and complex shapes visible
Two major components while constructing
the building:
 Concrete superstructure
 Bracings

19. Analysis:
1. Truss system
 braces steel frames diagonally
 Resists lateral loads
 Reduces moment and deflection
2. Bracing system
 Braces the exterior steel frame
 Resists lateral loads
 Resists overturning

20. 3. Spine
 Lateral loads transferred from steel
frames to central spine
 Unifies the steel and concrete structure
4. Frame
 Loads are first passed from reinforced
concrete in multistory frame to main
steel exoskeleton and then to the
foundation
Analysis:

21. Loading:
Without bracing With bracingVarious Loads

22. Thank You