the basic understanding and meaning of communication.

1. COMMUNICATION
By: Raj Singh
(An Entrepreneur)

2. • Describe the communication process.
• Distinguish between the different elements
of communication.
• Understand the various channels of
communication.
After studying this chapter,
you should be able to:
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES

3. • Identify common barriers to effective
communication.
• The importance of context and feedback in
a communication process.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES(cont’d)
After studying this chapter,
you should be able to:

4. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION???
Communication is “the
transfer of information,
understanding from one
person to another
person. It is a way of
reaching others with
facts, ideas, thoughts,
and values.

5. PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION
• In business we communicate to:
INFORM
PERSUADE

6. CLASSIFICATION
OF
COMMUNICATIO
N
INTRA PERSONAL
COMMUNICAITON
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICAITON
GROUP
COMMUNICATION
MASS
COMMUNICATION

7. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
• LINEAR CONCEPT (Harold lasswell)
• Who?
• Says What?
• To Whom?
• In which channel?
• With what effect?

8.  The sender
 Encoding
 The message
 The channel
 Decoding
 The receiver
 Noise
 Feedback
Elements of the Communication
Process

9. Shannon Weaver Model (Basic Comm process)
SENDER
(Has an Idea)
ENCODING
(sender
encodes the
idea into a
message)
CHANNEL
(Sender selects a
channel to
convey the
message)
RECEIVER
DECODING
(the receiver
decodes the
message)
FEEDBACK
From the Sender
FEEDBACK from
the Receiver
NOISE
NOISE
NOISE
NOISE

10. The Communication Process
•Channel
The medium selected by the sender through which the message
travels to the receiver.
•Types of Channels
Formal Channels
Are established by the organization and transmit messages that
are related to the professional activities of members.
Informal Channels
Used to transmit personal or social messages in the
organization. These informal channels are spontaneous and
emerge as a response to individual choices.

11. Flow of Communication
• Communication usually flows in three
directions…
• Upward Communication
• Downward Communication
• Horizontal Communication

12. • ORAL COMMUNICATION
– Speeches
– Meetings
– Face to face conversations
– Telephonic conversation
• WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
– Memo’s
– Letters
– Reports
– Bulletins
– Emails
• NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
– Body language (gestures, postures)
CHANNELS

13. CHANNELS
Low channel richness High channel richness

14. Barriers to Effective Communication
• Socio-psychological barriers
• Emotions
• Selective perception
• Information overload
• Loss by transmission
• Poor retention
• Goal conflict
• Offensive style
• Abstracting
• Slanting
• Inferring

15. Barriers to Effective Communication
Filtering
A sender’s manipulation of information so that it will be seen more
favorably by the receiver.
Selective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
Information Overload
A condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual’s
processing capacity.

16. Barriers to Effective Communication
(cont’d)
Emotions
How a receiver feels at the time a message is received will influence
how the message is interpreted.
Language
Words have different meanings to
different people.
Communication Apprehension
Undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written
communication, or both.

17. Barriers attributed to the speaker
• Lack of planning
• Vagueness of the purpose of comm.
• Poor choice of words
• Unshared or incorrect assumptions
• Different perceptions of reality
• Wrong choice of channel

18. Barriers attributed to the receiver
• Poor listening skills
• Inattention
• Mistrust
• Lack of interest
• Premature evaluation

19. • Semantic difficulties
• Diff. perception of reality
• Bias
• Attitudinal clash with the sender
• Unfit physical state
Barriers attributed to the receiver

20. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All
rights reserved.
10–20
Communication Barriers Between
Men and Women
• Men talk to:
– Emphasize status,
power, and
independence.
– Complain that women
talk on and on.
– Offer solutions.
– To boast about their
accomplishments.
• Women talk to:
– Establish connection
and intimacy.
– Criticize men for not
listening.
– Speak of problems to
promote closeness.
– Express regret and
restore balance to a
conversation.

21. 7 C’s of Communication
• Candidness
• Clarity
• Completeness
• Conciseness
• Concreteness
• Correctness
• Courtesy