This document provides information on seed production of barley. It discusses barley varieties suitable for different regions and conditions in India, agronomic practices for seed production such as land selection, isolation distances, seed treatment, sowing methods, fertilizer and irrigation requirements. It also covers weed, disease and insect management, harvesting techniques and post-harvest storage practices for barley seed production.

2. COURSE TITLE: PRINCIPLES OF SEED
PRODUCTION
(2+1)
COURSE NO.: SST 502
Submitted To:
Dr. N. D. Dholariya
Assistant professor,
Department of Genetics &
Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture,
J.A.U., Junagadh.
Submitted By:
Rajani Raj Harsukhbhai
Reg No:-2010119085
M.Sc.(Agri.) 1st semester
Department of Genetics &
Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture,
J.A.U., Junagadh.

3.  Barley (also known as groats) is a cereal grain botanically
known as Hordeum vulgare L.
 It is believed for its origin from western Asia or Ethiopia.
 Barley is still considered one of the top five cereal grains in
the world.
 Only ten percent of barley is used as human food, while the
remaining percentage is used for brewing malt
beverages, including beer and whiskey.
 However, the majority of harvest barley is used for livestock
feed.
 In a ranking of cereal crops (2007) in the world, barley was
fourth both in terms of quantity produced (136 million tons)
and in area of cultivation (566,000 km²)

4. Scientific Name Hordeum vulgare L.
Season & Duration Rabi cereal crop, Short duration crop
Chromosome No. 2n=14
Seed coat Monocot
Inflorescences Spike
Local name Barley (English),
Javi (Panjabi),
Jao (Urdu)

5. Kingdom Plantae - Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta - Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta - Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class Liliopsida - Monocotyledons
Subclass Commelinidae
Order Cyperales
Family Poaceae - Grass family
Genus Hordeum - barley

6.  Based on rows of grains on the head :-
1. Two-row barley :-It is produces 25-30 grains.
2. Four-row barley :-It is actually loose six-row barley.
3. Six row barley :- It can produce 25-60 grains.
Wild barley is generally two-row, most cultivated barley is of the six-row
type.

7. Factor Maximum permitted(%)
Foundation seed Certified seed
Off type in seed parents 0.050 0.20
Off type in pollinator 0.050 0.20
Weed seed 0.10 0.50
Other crop seed 0.010 0.050
Plants affected by seed disease 0.10 0.50

8. Foundation
seed
Certified
seed
Pure seed (minimum) 98.0% 98.0%
Inert matter (maximum) 2.0% 2.0%
Other crop seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg
Other distinguishable varieties (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg
Weed seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg
Germination (minimum) 85% 85%
Moisture (maximum) 12.0% 12.0%
For vapour-proof containers (maximum) 8.0% 8.0%

10. General Principal
A. Genetic Principles
B. Agronomic Principles
1. Selection Of Suitable
Agronomic Region
2. Selection Of Seed Plot
3. Isolation Of Seed Crop
4. Preparation Of Land
5. Selection Of Variety
6. Seed
7. Seed Treatment
8. Seed Rate
9. Time Of Planting
10.Method Of Sowing
11. Depth Of Sowing
12. Roughing
13. Supplementary
Pollination
14. Weed Control
15. Diseases & Insect
Control
16. Nutrition
17. Irrigation
18. Time Of Harvest
19. Method Of Harvesting
20. Drying Of Seeds
21. Storage Of Raw Seeds

11.  Barley may be grown in subtropical climatic condition. The crop
requires around 12-15
.
C during growing period and around 30
.
C at
maturity.
 It can not tolerate frost at any stage of growth and incidence of frost
at flowering at highly detrimental for yield.
 The crop posses vary high degree of tolerance to drought and sodic
condition.
 Barley is mainly grown in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya
Pradesh, Haryana, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal and
Jammu Kashmir.

12.  The land that is to be used for seed production should be fertile,
well levelled and free from drainage problems.
 At higher elevation, specifically in the foothill areas, emergence of
volunteer wheat plants is a problem. In such cases, adequate care is
to be taken to ensure that such volunteer plants do not come in the
way of production of good quality seeds.
 Also care should be taken to avoid production of seed in field which
has a history of tundu disease infection.

13.  Seed plot should be isolated from other wheat variety plots by a
minimum distance of three meters, and no loose smut infected
wheat, triticale or rye field should be there within 150 meters.
 The precaution is necessary to ward-off infection by seed borne
pathogens.

14.  Two to three ploughing with cultivator followed by planking after
every ploughing.
 To save the crop from Termite, Ants and other insect, seed treatment
is advisable.

15.  Different types of varieties are selected as per it’s irrigation, climatic
condition and time of sowing.
Varieties Production condition Av. Yield(q/ha) Region
RD 2794 Irrigated, Timely sown,
Salt tolerant
29.90 North Western
Plains Zone
(NWPZ)RD 2035 Irrigated, Timely sown,
Nematode resistant
42.70
RD 2660 Rainfed, Timely sown 24.30
K 508 (UP) Irrigated, Timely sown 40.50 North Eastern
Plains Zone
(NEPZ)NDB 1173 Irrigated, Timely sown 34.50
HBL 276 Rainfed, Timely sown, Resistant to
cold and rust diseases
39.50 Northern Hills
Zone (NHZ)
JB 58 (MP) Rainfed, Timely sown 31.30 Central Zone (CZ)

16.  100 kg seed/ha in line sowing with row to row and plant to plant
distance of 20cm and 5cm, respectively.
 The seed treatment with Vitavax75 WP @2.5g/kg or tebuconazole
@1.25g/kg seed should be done before the sowing of the seed.
 Optimum sowing time for seed of all the varieties is 10-25 November

17.  A low seed rate of 80 kg/ha is recommended to avoid interplant
competition and bolder seed development.
 Seed production plots should be sown with the help of seed drill for
placement of seed at uniform depth and plant to plant distance This
facilitates the ease in spotting of off-type plants and their rouging.
 The following care should be taken before sowing of breeder seed. The
seed drill needs a thorough cleaning of the pipes, seed cups and bin.
 Any left back seed will contaminate the seed production plot.
 To ensure that physical mixture due to negligence at sowing time does
not occur, it is recommended that when seed production of more than
two varieties is taken, phenotypically contrasting varieties should be
sown alternately.
 This will help in easy detection of seed drill resultant rogues and can be
easily identified and pulled out from the field. In order to walk through the
plots and effective execution.

18.  Seeding depth of two inches or less for barley
 Barley is more sensitive to deep seeding than wheat. There will be
a greater yield loss with barley sown at three inches or more.
 Seeding depth of two inches or less for barley
 Barley is more sensitive to deep seeding than wheat. There will be a
greater yield loss with barley sown at three inches or more.

19.  For the control of broad-leaved weeds 2,4-D at 500 g/ha or
metsulfuron at 4 g/ha or carfentrazone at 20 g/ha can be sprayed
using about 250 liters of water/ha.
 For the control of grasses isoproturon at 1000 g or clodinafop at 60g
or fenoxaprop 100g or sulfosulfuron at 25 g/ha should be used.
 In isoproturon resistant P. minor infested areas, clodinafop or
fenoxaprop or sulfosulfuron can be used.
 For the control of complex weed flora, combination of isoproturon
with 2,4-D or metsulfuron, or sulfosulfuron with metsulfuron can be
applied at 30-35 DAS at sufficient soil moisture.
 In barley, pinoxaden (5.0EC) @100ml/ha should be sprayed at 30-
35 DAS.

20.  Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis can be controlled
by using fine sulphur (200 mesh) @15-20 kg/ha or 1% Karathane.
 Helminthosporium leaf spot diseases can be effectively controlled
by spraying with copper fungicides or Dithane Z-78.
 120:60:40 kg/hectare N2:P2O5:K2O in wheat and 60:30:20 kg
(N:P:K) in barley.
 1/3rd quantity of N with full dose of P and K at the time of sowing
and remaining 2/3rd at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS should be
applied.

21.  5-6 irrigations are required.
 First at 20-25 DAS and thereafter at 20 days interval irrigations are
required in barley.

22.  Barley crop gets ready for harvest by the end of March to first fortnight of
April. Since barley has shattering character, it should be harvested before
over ripening to avoid breaking of spikes due to dryness.
 Extra care is needed to avoid mechanical mixing that is likely to occur
during harvesting, threshing, seed treatment, packing and all through the
processing steps. These stages are to be full proof from potential seed
mixture. Threshers, combine harvesters, trailers, processing machinery,
etc. should be thoroughly cleaned before harvesting.
 Seed production plots of more than two hectares are suitable for combine
harvesting and smaller plots can be harvested manually and threshed by
machine.

23.  Barley grain absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and should be
stored at an appropriate dry place to avoid storage pest losses.
 After sun drying seed should be filled in neat & clean bags.if old
bags are used they should be properly cleaned and treated before
use.
 Each bag should marked properly.
 The stacks of bags should be made on wooden bags.
 The godown to be used should be cool, clean & sprayed with
malathion & timely fumigation should be necessary.