locomotion and support systems

1. Locomotion and Su
Chapter 41

2. 2
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
OutlineOutline
Diversity of SkeletonsDiversity of Skeletons
Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton
ExoskeletonsExoskeletons
EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System
Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular System
The MusclesThe Muscles
Muscle ContractionMuscle Contraction

3. 3
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton
FunctionsFunctions
Supports body formSupports body form
Provides resistance for the contraction ofProvides resistance for the contraction of
muscles to act againstmuscles to act against
SourceSource
Some organisms use their fluid-filledSome organisms use their fluid-filled
gastrovascular cavitygastrovascular cavity
Others use their fluid-filled coelomOthers use their fluid-filled coelom

4. 4Locomotion in an
Earthworm

5. 5
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Exoskeletons and EndoskeletonsExoskeletons and Endoskeletons
Exoskeleton - External SkeletonExoskeleton - External Skeleton
Molluscs - composed of calciumMolluscs - composed of calcium
carbonatecarbonate
Arthropods - composed of chitinArthropods - composed of chitin
Endoskeleton - Internal SkeletonEndoskeleton - Internal Skeleton
Echinoderms and vertebratesEchinoderms and vertebrates
Mineralized bone and cartilageMineralized bone and cartilage
Grows as the animal growsGrows as the animal grows
­ Does not limit space for internal organsDoes not limit space for internal organs
­Supports greater weight

6. 6Exoskelet
on

7. 7The Vertebrate
Endoskeleton

8. 8
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System
FunctionsFunctions
Supports and protects the bodySupports and protects the body
Permits movementPermits movement
Provides resistive foundation for musclesProvides resistive foundation for muscles
to act againstto act against
Bones store calcium and phosphate ionsBones store calcium and phosphate ions
Certain bones produce red blood cellsCertain bones produce red blood cells

9. 9
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Bone Growth and RenewalBone Growth and Renewal
Cartilage structures in early developmentCartilage structures in early development
act as models for future bonesact as models for future bones
Calcium salts deposited in matrix byCalcium salts deposited in matrix by
cartilage cells and later by osteoblastscartilage cells and later by osteoblasts
Endochondral ossificationEndochondral ossification
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts
Break down boneBreak down bone
Remove worn cellsRemove worn cells
Deposit calcium in the bloodDeposit calcium in the blood
Work with osteoblasts to heal brokenWork with osteoblasts to heal broken

10. 10
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
GrossGross
 Main shankMain shank
­ Thick outer cylinder of compact boneThick outer cylinder of compact bone
­ Medullary cavity in centerMedullary cavity in center
 Spongy bone at endsSpongy bone at ends
DetailsDetails
 Compact boneCompact bone
­ Unit of structure called osteonUnit of structure called osteon
­ Concentric lamellae arranged around central canalConcentric lamellae arranged around central canal
­ Osteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundariesOsteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundaries
 Spongy boneSpongy bone
­ Numerous bars and plates separated by irregularNumerous bars and plates separated by irregular
spacesspaces
­ Spaces filled with red bone marrowSpaces filled with red bone marrow

11. 11Anatomy of a Long
Bone

12. 12The Human
Skeleton

13. 13
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Lies in the midline of the bodyLies in the midline of the body
Consists ofConsists of
The skullThe skull
The vertebral columnThe vertebral column
The sternum, andThe sternum, and
The ribsThe ribs

14. 14
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
The SkullThe Skull
Formed by cranium and facial bonesFormed by cranium and facial bones
Major bones are named afterMajor bones are named after
­ The lobes of the brain, andThe lobes of the brain, and
­ The facial bonesThe facial bones
Foramen magnumForamen magnum
­ Opening at base of skullOpening at base of skull
­ Where spinal cord connects to brainWhere spinal cord connects to brain
Bones of cranium surround sinusesBones of cranium surround sinuses

15. 15The
Skull

16. 16
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column
Vertebral columnVertebral column
Supports the head and trunkSupports the head and trunk
Protects the spinal cord and roots ofProtects the spinal cord and roots of
spinal nervesspinal nerves
Segments (from superior to inferior)Segments (from superior to inferior)
Cervical - NeckCervical - Neck
Thoracic - ThoraxThoracic - Thorax
Lumbar - Small of backLumbar - Small of back
Sacral - SacrumSacral - Sacrum
Coccyx - TailboneCoccyx - Tailbone
Intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage actIntervertebral disks of fibrocartilage act
as paddingas padding

17. 17
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Rib CageRib Cage
Protects the heart and lungs, and assistsProtects the heart and lungs, and assists
breathingbreathing
Support by the thoracic vertebraeSupport by the thoracic vertebrae
Twelve pairs of ribsTwelve pairs of ribs
­ True ribsTrue ribs
 Connect directly to sternumConnect directly to sternum
 Seven pairsSeven pairs
­ ““False” ribsFalse” ribs
 Do not connect directly to sternumDo not connect directly to sternum
 Five pairsFive pairs

18. 18The Rib
Cage

19. 19
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
Consists ofConsists of
 The bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdlesThe bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles
 The attached limbsThe attached limbs
Pectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulderPectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulder
 AnteriorAnterior
 Supports the arms and handsSupports the arms and hands
Pelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvisPelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvis
 PosteriorPosterior
 Supports the legs and feetSupports the legs and feet

20. 20Bones of the Pectoral
Girdle,
the Arm, and the Hand

21. 21Bones of the Pelvic
Girdle,
the leg, and the Foot

22. 22
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints
ImmovableImmovable
Between cranial bonesBetween cranial bones
Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints
Slightly MovableSlightly Movable
Between vertebraeBetween vertebrae
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
Freely MovableFreely Movable
Bones separated by a cavityBones separated by a cavity
Ligaments bind bones together at jointLigaments bind bones together at joint

23. 23The Knee
Joint

24. 24
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular System
Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles
 Attached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrousAttached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrous
connective tissue called tendonsconnective tissue called tendons
 Arranged in antagonistic pairsArranged in antagonistic pairs
­ Can only contract, cannot pushCan only contract, cannot push
­ When one muscle contracts, it stretches itsWhen one muscle contracts, it stretches its
antagonistic partnerantagonistic partner
A muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimalA muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal
contraction)contraction)
A muscle in tetany is at maximum sustainedA muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained
contractioncontraction

25. 25Human
Musculature

26. 26Antagonistic
Muscles

27. 27
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Microscopic Anatomy and PhysiologyMicroscopic Anatomy and Physiology
SarcolemmaSarcolemma
Plasma membranePlasma membrane
Sarcoplasmic ReticulumSarcoplasmic Reticulum
Modified endoplasmic reticulumModified endoplasmic reticulum
MyofibrilsMyofibrils
Contractile structures in sarcoplasmContractile structures in sarcoplasm
SarcomeresSarcomeres
Units of contractionUnits of contraction
Consist primarily of proteinsConsist primarily of proteins
­ MyosinMyosin
­ ActinActin

28. 28Skeletal Muscle
Fiber
Structure and
Function

29. 29
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Sliding Filament ModelSliding Filament Model
Actin filaments at both ends of sarcomereActin filaments at both ends of sarcomere
 One end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one endOne end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one end
of the sarcomereof the sarcomere
 Other end suspended in sarcoplasmOther end suspended in sarcoplasm
Myosin filaments suspended in between Z-platesMyosin filaments suspended in between Z-plates
 Myosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull theMyosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull the
actin filaments inwardactin filaments inward
 Causes Z-plates to move toward each otherCauses Z-plates to move toward each other
 Shortens sarcomereShortens sarcomere
 Sarcomeres stacked together in series and causeSarcomeres stacked together in series and cause
myofiber to shortenmyofiber to shorten
Working muscles require ATPWorking muscles require ATP
 Myosin breaks down ATPMyosin breaks down ATP
 Sustained exerciseSustained exercise
­ Requires cellular respirationRequires cellular respiration
­ Regenerates ATPRegenerates ATP

30. 30
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
Muscle InnervationMuscle Innervation
Neuromuscular junctionNeuromuscular junction
The synaptic contact between a nerveThe synaptic contact between a nerve
fiber and a muscle fiberfiber and a muscle fiber
Nerve impulses bring about the release ofNerve impulses bring about the release of
a neurotransmitter that cross the synaptica neurotransmitter that cross the synaptic
cleftcleft
Signals the muscle fiber to contractSignals the muscle fiber to contract

31. 31Neuromuscular
Junction

32. 32The Role of Calcium and
Myosin in
Muscle Contraction

33. 33
Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo
ReviewReview
Diversity of SkeletonsDiversity of Skeletons
Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton
ExoskeletonsExoskeletons
EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System
Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular System
The MusclesThe Muscles
Muscle ContractionMuscle Contraction

34. Locomotion and Sup
Ending Slide Chapter 41