Prototypes as Boundary Objects for Collaboration

https://www.meetup.com/Strategic-Design-Sandbox/
Prototypes as
boundary objects
Rafael Canales Durón – Strategic Designer @ Remember to Play
Strategic Design Sandbox
July 25th, 2017

Strategic Design
Sandbox

Prototypes as boundary objects
for strategic collaboration

A TYPICAL CROSS FUNCTIONAL TEAM

75% of cross-functional
teams are dysfunctional
The main reason: siloes tend to perpetuate themselves.
Behnam Tabrizi, HBR 2015
https://hbr.org/2015/06/75-of-cross-functional-teams-are-dysfunctional

CREATIVE TECHNICAL
Story-
telling
Usability
Facilitation
Desirability
Marketing
Service
Design
Efficiency
Systems
Feasibility
Code
Computer
Science

CREATIVE TECHNICALInnovation!

PRAGMATIC
Transform
SEMANTIC
Translate
SYNTACTIC
Transfer
Touchpoints,
actors, vision,
experience,
Cloud, database,
backend, SPK,
API, Fork
Knowledge Boundaries
Actor A
Creative
Actor B
Technical
Adapted from: Carlile, P.R., 2004. Transferring, translating, and transforming: An integrative framework for managing knowledge across
boundaries. Organization science, 15(5), pp.555-568.
Difference
Dependency

PRAGMATIC
Transform
SEMANTIC
Translate
SYNTACTIC
Transfer
Cloud, database,
backend, SPK,
API, Fork
Information processing
boundary
A common lexicon
Touchpoints,
actors, vision,
experience,
Actor A
Creative
Actor B
Technical

PRAGMATIC
Transform
SEMANTIC
Translate
SYNTACTIC
Transfer
+NOVELTY
+ DIFFERENCE
DEPENDENCY
A SERVICE
A SERVICE
Actor A
Creative
Actor B
Technical

PRAGMATIC
Transform
SEMANTIC
Translate
SYNTACTIC
Transfer
+NOVELTY
Interpretative boundary
Models/meanings
Actor A
Creative
Actor B
Technical

PRAGMATIC
Transform
SEMANTIC
Translate
SYNTACTIC
Transfer
+++NOVELTY
+++ DIFFERENCE
DEPENDENCY
Actor A
Creative
Actor B
Technical

PRAGMATIC
Transform
SEMANTIC
Translate
SYNTACTIC
Transfer
+++NOVELTY
Political boundary
Boundary
objects
Actor A
Creative
Actor B
Technical

WHAT IS A
BOUNDARY OBJECT
A boundary object is a ‘thing’ that is both defined
enough that several communities can recognise it as
the same thing, yet flexible enough that each
community can use it according to their own needs.
Star, S.L. and Griesemer, J.R., 1989. Institutional ecology,translations' and boundary objects: Amateurs and
professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social studies of science, 19(3), pp.387-420.
Boundary
objects

● Designers have the ability to visualize/materialize ideas and
make knowledge more accessible.
● Prototypes can be defined as “any representation of a design
idea, regardless of medium”
Houde, S. and Hill, C., 1997. What do prototypes prototype.
Handbook of human-computer interaction, 2, pp.367-381.
● Any prototype is always a limited representation. It is
restricted in form and medium and thereby represents only
limited aspects of a greater idea.
Prototype
Idea
DESIGN BOUNDARY OBJECTS
PROTOTYPES – REPRESENTATIONS

PROTOTYPES
IS A BRICK A PROTOTYPE?
Houde, S. and Hill, C., 1997. What do prototypes prototype.
Handbook of human-computer interaction, 2, pp.367-381.

● Using prototypes to describe a product/idea
vs
● Using prototypes to facilitate conversations /
collaboration / learning
○ Better alignment and coordination / spark new ideas.
PROTOTYPES
WHY PROTOTYPE?
Prototype

● Using prototypes to facilitate conversations /
collaboration / learning
Calabretta, Gardien, 2015.
Chapter 2: Co-creating and prototyping to trigger innovative thinking and doing.
Strategic design: eight essential practices every strategic designer must master.
○ Keep it simple
○ Leave it incomplete
○ Plan the making process
○ Combine languages
PROTOTYPES FOR COLLABORATION
HOW TO?
Prototype

1/ KEEP IT SIMPLE
Represent essential information to make
uncertainty more approachable.
Do not aim to show your drawing skills, but rather
spark imagination of stakeholders.
PROTOTYPING FOR COLLABORATION
HOW TO?
Security gates at Schiphol by Fabrique / Accenture / Vision Box

Security gates at Schiphol by Fabrique / Accenture / Vision Box

Shopping cart concept by IDEO

Google Glass first prototype at Google X
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkyMCCnNI3Q

2/ LEAVE IT INCOMPLETE
Use incomplete prototypes to solicit feedback and
inspire action.
Detailed representations trigger detailed
questions that might not yet be relevant.
Too incomplete ones trigger general observations.
HOW TO?
Airbus Transpose – 2016 https://vimeo.com/202234873

Customer journey mapping with stakeholders.

3. Plan the Making Process
3/ PLAN THE MAKING PROCESS
The process of making the artifact with the
stakeholders might be more valuable than the
artifact itself.
Do not only choose what to prototype, but also
plan the execution and who needs to be involved.
HOW TO?

Ink Strategy – facilitating decision making through visualization

Philips HealthSuite Labs co-creative approachhttps://www.meetup.com/Strategic-Design-Sandbox/

Philips Breast Pump – Changing your hammer
http://www.ijdesign.org/ojs/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/1315/635

4. Combine Languages
4/ COMBINE LANGUAGES
Think of your stakeholders and what is their
‘language’.
Combine inspiring images and stories with
quantitative data to inspire both emotional and
rational decision makers.
HOW TO?

Apple Knowledge Navigator Video (1987)

● Keep it simple
○ Represent essential information in a simple way
● Leave it incomplete
○ Ask questions
● Plan the making process
○ Invite stakeholders to make/change the prototype
● Combine languages
○ Incorporate the language of your stakeholders
PROTOTYPES FOR COLLABORATION
HOW TO?
Prototype

Thank you!

More on prototypes and boundary objects:
● The power of prototyping – University of San Diego
https://www.coursera.org/learn/human-computer-interaction/lecture/25EPu/the-power-of-prototyping
● The boundary spanning practice of user centered design
https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:a03a6a9a-33ec-4d20-8aae-202354b9a571/datastream/OBJ
● Prototyping and boundary objects https://medium.com/@matt_speaks/prototyping-and-boundary-objects-b469b63d5115
● Stompff, Smulders, 2014. The Right Fidelity: Designedly representations that enhance multidisciplinary product development
https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Af27a449b-fe94-4786-826e-eda832dd9e35
● Rhinow, Köppen, and Meinel, 2012. Design prototypes as boundary objects in innovation processes.
https://hpi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/fachgebiete/meinel/papers/Design_Thinking/2012_Rhinow_DRS.pdf
● Carlile, 2004. Transferring, Translating, and Transforming: An Integrative Framework for Managing Knowledge Across Boundaries.
http://people.bu.edu/carlile/docs/3-T%20Framework%20(Carlile).pdf
● Houde & Hill, 1997. What do prototypes prototype?
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/30bc/6125fab9d9b2d5854223aeea7900a218f149.pdf
● Rhinow, Köppen, Moritz, Jobst, and Meinel, 2013. Prototypes for innovation: facing the complexity of prototyping. https://goo.gl/A167SS
● Prototyping card set: https://hpi.de/dtrp/projekte/projekte-201213/from-prototype-to-innovation-ii-exploring-the-field.html

Prototypes as Boundary Objects for Collaboration

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