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Human Genetics
I. 5 Human Patterns of Inheritance:
a.   Complete Dominance (Basic Mendelian Genetics)
b.   Incomplete Dominance
c.   Co-dominance
d.   Sex-Linked
e.   Polygenic
a. Complete Dominance
• Traits inherited are either DOMINANT or
  RECESSIVE
• Ex. BB, Bb, bb
b. Incomplete Dominance
• Traits inherited show a new phenotype
  that is a BLENDING or MIXING of
  parental alleles
   –HETEROZYGOUS results in a blending
    of two alleles
   –Use 2 different CAPITAL letters to
    represent (neither allele is dominant or
    recessive)
Incomplete Dominance cont.
Ex: 4 o’clock flowers, snapdragons, Tay Sach’s Disease
Incomplete Dominance cont.
Ex: 4 o’clock flowers, snapdragons, Tay Sach’s Disease
Incomplete Dominance
cont.
Ex: 4 o’clock
flowers, snapdragons, Tay
Sach’s Disease
c. Co-dominance
• Trait inherited shows a new phenotype that
  EXPRESSES BOTH parental alleles
  –HETEROZYGOUS condition results in the
    expression of both alleles
  – Use 2 different capital letters to represent
Co-dominance continued
Ex: Roan Horse


                 X
Co-dominance continued
Ex: Roan Horse, Dalmatian
d. Sex Linked Traits
• Traits are controlled by genes on
  the X or Y chromosomes
a. _X linked traits can be passed on
   to males and females
b. _Y linked traits can only be
   passed to males
X-Linked Traits
1. Affect the X chromosome
2. _FEMALES tend to be CARRIERS and
                                 XtY
  pass on the trait to their sons -
3. Females can be affected but BOTH X
  chromosomes must have the gene for the
  trait - XtXt
Examples:
Hypertrichosis –
Human Werewolf Syndrome:
         Congenital generalized hypertrichosis (CGH)
                 Rare, X-linked dominant trait
          Found in a single multigenerational Mexican
                             family
Colorblindness
          Self Test:




NUMBERS: 5 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 10 |
Hemophilia
Male Pattern Baldness
Genotypes of Male Pattern Baldness
e. Polygenic Traits

• Traits are controlled by
  MULTIPLE gene pairs
1.Genes may be on same or
  different chromosomes
2.Expressed trait varies
  greatly
Ex. Hair color, eye and skin
colors, height, weight
II. How to study patterns of inheritance in
families
 Two Methods:
 1. _KARYOTYPE: Photograph of an individual’s
    chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and
    can be viewed underneath a microscope

   a. Used to identify problems with chromosomes

   • _ABNORMAL NUMBERS
   • _DAMAGED OR BROKEN
   • _TO DETECT GENETIC DISEASES
Typical Karyotype: Normal Individual
               Pattern of Inheritance:
               Normal Chromosome
               Pattern

               Abnormality:
               None

               Notation:
               46, XY, Male
2. _PEDIGREE CHART: Diagram to show
 genetic traits and used to map genetic traits
 through generations

a. Shows
   SEX, PHENOTYPE
   S, and
   GENOTYPES of
   family members
b. Can predict patterns
   of inheritance
c. Uses symbols
Human genetic inheritance patterns

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Human genetic inheritance patterns

  • 2. I. 5 Human Patterns of Inheritance: a. Complete Dominance (Basic Mendelian Genetics) b. Incomplete Dominance c. Co-dominance d. Sex-Linked e. Polygenic
  • 3. a. Complete Dominance • Traits inherited are either DOMINANT or RECESSIVE • Ex. BB, Bb, bb
  • 4. b. Incomplete Dominance • Traits inherited show a new phenotype that is a BLENDING or MIXING of parental alleles –HETEROZYGOUS results in a blending of two alleles –Use 2 different CAPITAL letters to represent (neither allele is dominant or recessive)
  • 5. Incomplete Dominance cont. Ex: 4 o’clock flowers, snapdragons, Tay Sach’s Disease
  • 6. Incomplete Dominance cont. Ex: 4 o’clock flowers, snapdragons, Tay Sach’s Disease
  • 7. Incomplete Dominance cont. Ex: 4 o’clock flowers, snapdragons, Tay Sach’s Disease
  • 8. c. Co-dominance • Trait inherited shows a new phenotype that EXPRESSES BOTH parental alleles –HETEROZYGOUS condition results in the expression of both alleles – Use 2 different capital letters to represent
  • 11. d. Sex Linked Traits • Traits are controlled by genes on the X or Y chromosomes a. _X linked traits can be passed on to males and females b. _Y linked traits can only be passed to males
  • 12. X-Linked Traits 1. Affect the X chromosome 2. _FEMALES tend to be CARRIERS and XtY pass on the trait to their sons - 3. Females can be affected but BOTH X chromosomes must have the gene for the trait - XtXt
  • 14. Hypertrichosis – Human Werewolf Syndrome: Congenital generalized hypertrichosis (CGH) Rare, X-linked dominant trait Found in a single multigenerational Mexican family
  • 15. Colorblindness Self Test: NUMBERS: 5 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 10 |
  • 18. Genotypes of Male Pattern Baldness
  • 19. e. Polygenic Traits • Traits are controlled by MULTIPLE gene pairs 1.Genes may be on same or different chromosomes 2.Expressed trait varies greatly Ex. Hair color, eye and skin colors, height, weight
  • 20. II. How to study patterns of inheritance in families Two Methods: 1. _KARYOTYPE: Photograph of an individual’s chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and can be viewed underneath a microscope a. Used to identify problems with chromosomes • _ABNORMAL NUMBERS • _DAMAGED OR BROKEN • _TO DETECT GENETIC DISEASES
  • 21. Typical Karyotype: Normal Individual Pattern of Inheritance: Normal Chromosome Pattern Abnormality: None Notation: 46, XY, Male
  • 22. 2. _PEDIGREE CHART: Diagram to show genetic traits and used to map genetic traits through generations a. Shows SEX, PHENOTYPE S, and GENOTYPES of family members b. Can predict patterns of inheritance c. Uses symbols