Ecosystem, Abiotic Component, Biotic component, Food chain, food web, types of ecosystem, energy transfer, pond ecosystem, terestrial ecosystem, producers, consumers, and decomposers, types of food chain.

1. Dr. Rachana Choudhary
Department of Microbiology
Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya
Junwani, Bhilai

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
ENERGY TRANSFER
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
REFERENCE

3. ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms
in conjunction with the non-living components of
their environment (things like air, water and
mineral soil) interacting as a system.

4. HISTORY
• The Term “ECOSYSTEM” Was First Used In
1935 By British Ecologist ARTHUR
TANSLEY.
• Howard T. Odum And Eugene P.ODUM
Study The Flow Of Energy In Ecosystem.

5. ARTHUR TANSLEY

6. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM

7. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
• ABIOTIC COMPONENTS: Consist of all non-
living elements. They include water, air,temperature
& the rocks, minerals, that take up the soil.
• BIOTIC COMPONENTS: PRODUCER-
They are the living organisms in the ecosystem that
take in energy from sunlight and use it to tansform
carbon dioxide & oxygen into sugar. Eg :
plants,algae & photosynthetic bacteria.

8. Abiotic component

9. Climatic factors
 Temperature: Direct effect on metabolism by controlling body
chemistry and reactions.
 Light: rate of photosynthesis, flowering, dormancy, and leaf fall.
 Water: Water as a universal solvent, medium for biochemical processes.
 Wind:- Wind action accelerates transpiration process, Strong winds may
induce physical damage on plant structure and distribution of seeds and
small animals.
 Edaphic Factors: Edaphic factors which are related to the structure and
composition of soil including its physical and chemical properties, like soil
and its types, soil profile, minerals, organic matter, soil water, soil
organisms.
More nutrients in soil for plant growth means greater productivity.

10. BIOTIC COMPONENTS
PRODUCER- They are the living organisms in
the ecosystem that take in energy from sunlight
and use it to transform carbon dioxide & oxygen
into sugar.
Eg : Plants
Algae
& Photosynthetic bacteria.

11. BIOTIC COMPONENTS
CONSUMERS: They are also living organisms in
the ecosystem that get energy from consuming other
organisms.
They are further subdivided by what they eat.
HERBIVORES: Eat producers.
CARNIVORES: eat other animals.
OMNIVORES: Eat both.
They harvest only 10% of the energy contained
in what they eat.

12. BIOTIC COMPONENTS
• DECOMPOSERS: They are also living
component of ecosystem that break down
waste material and dead organisms in simpler
form.
Eg: Earthworm, dung beetles and many species
of fungi and bacteria

13. FOOD CHAIN
• A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms
through which nutrients and energy pass as one
organisms eats another.
• It show how the organisms are related to each other
by the food they eat.
• Each step of food chain represent different trophic
level.
• It was first represented by first african arab scientist
AL-JAHIZ in 1927

14. FOOD CHAIN
fig: Steps in food chain

15. Types of food chain
• Grazing food chain: This food chain starts from
living green plants goes to grazing herbivores,&
on to carnivores & finally ends with a
decomposers.
Phytoplankton  Zooplankton  Planktivores 
Small fish  Large fish
• Detritus food chain: This type of food chain starts
from dead organic matter onto microorganisms,
then to the organism feeding on detritus & their
predators.

16. FOOD WEB
• It consist of many interconnected food chains and
are more realistic representation of consumption
relationships in ecosystems.
• Another name for food web is consumer-resource
system.
Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food WEB.

18. ENERGY TRANSFER
• Energy is transferred between trophic levels
which one organisms eats another and gets the
energy rich molecules from its prey’s body.
• Processes that reduce the energy transferred
between trophic levels include respiration,
growth and reproduction.
• Energy is not recycled during decomposition,
but rather is released, mostly as heat.

20. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM

21. TERRISTIAL ECOSYSTEM

22. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

23. FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEM
• They are a subset of earth’s aquatic
ecosystem.
• They include lakes, Ponds, River .
• It can be divided into lentic ecosystem
and lotic ecosystem.

24. POND ECOSYSTEM

25. LAKE ECOSYSTEM

26. MARINE ECOSYSTEM
• They are among the largest of earth’s aquatic
ecosystem.
• They include salt marshes, intertidal zones,
Estuaries’ lagoons, Mangrove, coral reefs, the
deep sea & the sea floor.
• It cover two-third of the surface of the earth
Earth.

27. MARINE ECOSYSTEM

28. REFERENCE
• Textbook of Microbiology: R.C. Dubey and
D.K. Maheshwari
• Book of Zoology: Dr. H. N.Baijal
• Google: Wikipedia

29. THANK YOU