2. Lens: Definition
• A refracting media
enclosed by two
refracting surfaces
– At least one curved
surface
3. Types of Lens
• Contour of Lens Surface
– Depends upon the surfaces of revolution, which are formed
by rotating a plane curve about an axis with in its plane
• Lens Types
• Flat or plano
• Spherical
– Generated by rotating a circle or an arc about one of its diameter as an
axis of rotation
• Astigmatic Lenses
– Generated by rotating a straight line about another straight line that is
parallel to axis of rotation.
– Types
» Cross Cylinders
» Spherocylindrical
» Toric, Toroidal,
• Aspheric
4. Spherical (or Flat) lens -Spherical (or Flat) lens -
constant curvature at all meridiansconstant curvature at all meridians
Spherical (or Flat) lens -Spherical (or Flat) lens -
constant curvature at all meridiansconstant curvature at all meridians
CC
5. Cylindrical lens- constant curvatureCylindrical lens- constant curvature alongalong each meridian; varyingeach meridian; varying
curvaturescurvatures betweenbetween meridiansmeridians
Cylindrical lens- constant curvatureCylindrical lens- constant curvature alongalong each meridian; varyingeach meridian; varying
curvaturescurvatures betweenbetween meridiansmeridians
CC
Principal meridians -Principal meridians - axisaxis andand powerpower
Oblique meridian - “power”:Oblique meridian - “power”:
FFαα == FFCC sinsin22
αα
αα
6. Aspheric lens- varying curvatureAspheric lens- varying curvature alongalong each meridianeach meridian
7. Spherical Lens Forms
– Plano-concave
• often used for high minus Rx
– Plano-convex
• not used for ophthalmic
lenses
8. Spherical lens forms
– Bi-convex
• often used for high plus
Rx
– Bi-concave
• used rarely for very
high minus Rx
9. Spherical lens forms
– Periscopic (rarely used today)
• One of the first bent lenses
(convex front surface, concave
back surface)
• Plus Rx:
– -1.25 D base curve on back
• Minus Rx:
– +1.25 D base curve on front
10. Spherical lens forms
– Meniscus
• More Bent with +/- 6.00D BC
• Plus Rx:
– Base Curve = -6.00 Ds on the back
• Minus Rx:
– Base Curve = + 6.00 Ds on the front
• minus Rx
BC = -6.00
BC = +6.00
11. Optical Axis v. Optical Center of
a Lens
• Optical Axis
– Imaginary line connecting the
centers of curvature of 2 lens
surfaces
• Optical Center
– Point on the optical axis
intersected by the path of a
ray of light between the 2
surfaces
• (Essentially the point of no
prism)
– For any bent ophthalmic lens,
the optical center will fall
outside the lens
14. Spherical Lens Identification &
Marking
• Straight edge test:
– Place the lens on straight surface.
– If lens is plano-
• Equal amount of light escapes beneath the edges
– If lens is cylindrical –
• Unequal light escape from the lens edge.
– At the Edge : ? Plus & Minus Lenses
• Cylindrical Lenses??
17. Cylindrical Lenses
• Cross Cylinders
• Spherocylinders
• Toric Lenses
Axis meridian = the meridian of least curvature
Power meridian = the meridian of maximum curvature
19. Crossed-Cylinder Lenses
• Has plus cylinder ground on the front
surface and minus cylinder ground on the
back surface, with the axis 90° apart
• Available: +/- 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00
21. Astigmatic Lenses
• Example : +3.50 –150 x 180
– Astigmatic : No point focus
• Forms Line focuses
– Interval of Sturm
+3.50 D+3.50 D
+2.00 D+2.00 D
28.5 cm
28.5 cm
50 cm50 cm
22. Astigmatic Lenses
• Plano-cylinder
– one plano surface, one
cylindrical surface
plpl
plpl
FrontFront
plpl
-3-3
BackBack
plpl
-3-3
Compound:Compound:
pl -3.00 x090pl -3.00 x090
23. Astigmatic Lenses
• Toric
– one spherical surface, one cylindrical surface
with no plano meridian
+5+5
+5+5
FrontFront
-1-1
-4-4
BackBack
+4+4
+1+1
Compound:Compound:
+4.00 -3.00 x090+4.00 -3.00 x090
24. Astigmatic Lenses
• Bi-toric
– two cylindrical surfaces
– used in CL’s, but not spectacles
+5+5
+4+4
FrontFront
-3-3
-2-2
BackBack
+2+2
+2+2
Compound:Compound:
+2.00 sph!+2.00 sph!
25. Astigmatic Lenses
• Obliquely crossed cylinders
– Cylinders that are NOT 0 or 90 deg apart
require special solutions
26. Crossed-Cylinder Lenses
• Has plus cylinder ground on the front
surface and minus cylinder ground on the
back surface, with the axis 90° apart
28. Meridian - line along lens surfaceMeridian - line along lens surface
90 90
180 180
CCW
0
Specification of Cylinder AxisSpecification of Cylinder Axis
29. Specification of Cylinder Axis
• With the Rule –
– the minus axis is within 30° of the 180°
meridian
• Against the Rule –
– the minus axis is within of the 90° meridian
• Oblique cylinder –
– the minus axis is between 30° and 60° or
120° and 150°
30. Prescription Writing
• Spherical power first,
– then cylinder power, then the cylinder axis
– Eg: + 3.50 Ds / -1.50 Dc @ 1800
• Can be written in
– ? plus-cylinder or minus-cylinder
• Optical cross can help with visualization
Example +2.00Ds /+1.50 Dc x 090
31. Astigmatic Lenses
• Optical cross diagrams
FrontFront BackBack
Total PowerTotal Power
((ApproximateApproximate))
Example +2.00 +1.50 x 090
32. Three-Step Rule for Transposition
1. Add the sphere and cylinder power
algebraically
2. Change the sign of the cylinder
3. Rotate the cylinder axis 090°
–Eg:
–Minus Cylinder : + 3.50 Ds / -1.50 Dc @ 1800
–Plus Cylinder : +2.00 Ds/ +1.50 Dc x 0900
33. Pearls of Writing Standard Prescription
1. Right eye (OD) always first
2. Dioptric values always carried to 2nd
decimal point
3. Axis specified in three digits (x 016)
4. Fill in SPH or DS if no cylinder
• ? ? Do not use the degree ( ° ) symbol
34. 34
Astigmatism From Lens Tilt
• Tilting a lens
– new sphere becomes stronger than old
sphere
• minus lens becomes more minus
• plus lens becomes more plus
– cylinder will be induced
• same sign as the sphere
• axis equal to meridian of rotation
37. 37
Astigmatism From Lens Tilt
• Tilting a spherical lens
– new sphere power given by
FIC = FNS tan2
α
FNS = FOS (1 + )
sin2
α
2n
induced cylinder power given by
38. 38
Problem 3aProblem 3a
A +8.00 D lens has 20 degA +8.00 D lens has 20 deg
pantoscopicpantoscopic tilt. What is the newtilt. What is the new
power?power?
F = F
n
= +
N S O S (
s in
)
( ) (
s in
[ . ]
)
1
2
8 0 0 1
2 0
2 1 5 2 3
2
2
+
+
α
.
= +8.31 D
39. 39
Problem 3aProblem 3a (cont’d)(cont’d)
F = F
= + 8 . 3 1
I C N S t a n
( ) t a n
2
2
2 0
α
= +1.10 D
New lens power:
+8.31 +1.10 x180
40. 40
Problem 3bProblem 3b
A -10.00 D lens has 10 degA -10.00 D lens has 10 deg
faceformfaceform tilt. What is the newtilt. What is the new
power?power?
F = F
n
=
N S O S (
s in
)
( ) (
s in
[ . ]
)
1
2
1 0 0 0 1
1 0
2 1 5 2 3
2
2
+
− +
α
.
= -10.10 D
41. 41
Problem 3bProblem 3b (cont’d)(cont’d)
F = F
= 1 0 . 1 0
I C N S t a n
( ) t a n
2
2
1 0
α
−
= -0.31 D
New lens power:
-10.10 -0.31 x090
42. 42
9090 9090
180180
Astigmatism From Lens Tilt
• Tilting a cylindrical lens
– MUST have original cylinder power in
meridian of rotation
Transpose to:Transpose to:
x090x090
Transpose to:Transpose to:
x180x180
43. Spherical Equivalent
• “Average” power of an ophthalmic lens
– Determined by combining one-half the cylindrical
power with the spherical power
• EG: + 4.50 Ds/ -1.50 Dc x 040
• ?? Spherical Equivalent = ??
44. Spherical Equivalent:
Significance
• Adjusting the cylinder and sphere to
ease patient adaptation to a new
spectacle Rx
• Determining the total plus at near
– when a prebyope’s spectacle Rx is
changing