2. Objectives
• Basic concepts in communication
• Importance in business organizations
• Different types of communication
• Different modes to be used
• Comparative advantages and disadvantages
3. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS COMMUNICATION
• Communication is the process of transferring information
with the purpose of creating ,understanding between
senders & receivers.
• The core of communication is sharing-providing data ,
information & insights in an exchange that benefits sender
& receiver.
4. Element of Communication
• 7 Major elements
• Sender
• Ideas
• Encoding
• Communication channel
• Receiver
• Decoding
• Feedback
6. The Process of Communication
• Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message and sends it to
the receiver. The sender transfers the information using the following
factors: Communication Skills (ability to read, write, speak, and listen) directly affect
the communication process.
• Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. The encoder uses a ‘medium’
to send the message — a phone call, email, text message, face-to-face meeting, or other
communication tool.
• The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver.
Additional subtext can be conveyed through body language and tone of voice. Put all three
elements together—sender, receiver, and message—and you have the communication process at
its most basic
7. The Process of Communication
• Decoding of a message is how an audience member is able to
understand, and interpret the message. It is a process of interpretation
and translation of coded information into a comprehensible form.
Effective communication is accomplished only when the message is
received and understood in the intended way.
• Receiver is“ the listener, reader, or observer—that is, the individual (or
the group of individuals) to whom a message is directed. The receiver is
also called the "audience" or decoder.
• Feedback This response of a receiver to sender's message is
called Feedback. Feedback is one’s audience's response; it enables to
evaluate the effectiveness of your message.
8. Macro functions of Communication
• The emotive function: to communicate the inner states and emotions, e.g.
Oh no!
• The directive function: seeking to affect the behavior of others, e.g. Close
the door, please
• The phatic function: opening the channel or checking that it is working, e.g.
Hello, is it Thomas Cook? or Can you hear me, Mrs. Gupta?
• The poetic function: the particular form chosen is the essence of the
message. This refers to the aesthetic function of language
• The referential function: to carry information.
• The contextual function: creating a particular kind of context, e.g. Right!
Let’s start the meeting now.
10. Barriers of Communication
• Code, i.e. the addresser and the addressee may not share share the
same language between them. The addresser is speaking in French and
the addressee does not know French.
•Vocabulary: The market declined under persistent bear hammering.
One who is not familiar with the vocabulary of the stock market may
not understand what is meant.
•Concept: Technical and subject specific concepts may not be
understood by all. For example, a black hole is simple language, yet the
concept may not be understood by many.
11. Barriers of Communication
• Culture specific communication may cause misunderstanding.
• Physical environment: Noise and other environmental disturbances or
even physical distance between the address and the addressee can
impede effective communication.
• Affective factors: personal factors e.g. anxiety, fear, attitude,
motivation, beliefs, values, lack of mutual trust, lack of time or
pressure of work, lack of attention, and personal rivalries. All these
factors impede communication.
12.
13. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVENTIONS OF COVERSATION
Conversation is more than a series of exchanges; it consists of exchanges which are initiated and
interpreted according to intuitively understood and socially acquired rules and norms of
conversational cooperation. These can in turn be manipulated to create a wide range of meanings
beyond the level expressed directly by the utterances in the conversation themselves.
• Cooperation & Politeness Principle:
• Adjacency Pairs
• Opening & Closing
• Topic Development
14. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVENTIONS OF
COVERSATION
• Adjacency Pairs: One way in which meanings are communicated and
interpreted in conversation is through the use of what have been called
adjacency pairs.
• An Adjacency pair is a two-part exchange in which the
second utterance is functionally dependent on the first, as exhibited
in conventional greetings, invitations, and requests.
• Compliment-Acceptance
A: That’s nice hat.
B: Thanks.
15. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVENTIONS OF
COVERSATION
Opening & Closing :The openings and closings of conversations and
other types of speech events are organized and orderly All transitions
from a state of non-talk to talk or from talk to non-talk, require
engineered solutions.
Openings and closings are problematic for the native speakers as well
and have to be learnt like other social behaviors
16. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVENTIONS OF
COVERSATION
• Topic Development : An important dimension of conversational
organization is the way topics are selected for discussion within and
the strategies used by the speakers to introduce develop, or change
topics within the conversation. Coherent conversations respect norms
concerning choice of topics, for example, in a business meeting
members will take turn to speak only on “the items on the agenda
notified in advance and from among these only on that item which is
being discussed at the moment.”
17. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVENTIONS OF COVERSATION
Turn Taking : Conversation by definition involves two or more people.
But the distribution of talking among the participants is not merely
random. It is governed by turn-taking norms, conventions which
determine who talks, when, and for how long. One who talks too much
and does not allow time for others, or one who contributes nothing to
the conversation arouses negative evaluations.
Repairs :The process of conversation involves monitoring to ensure that
the intended messages have been communicated and understood. This
involves correction whenever it is suspected that the message has not
been received as intended. The term-repair refers to the efforts by the
speaker or the hearer to correct trouble spots in conversation.
Repairs may be initiated by either the speaker or the hearer:
18. Difference between Conversation & Other
Speech Events
• Three key differences that set public speaking apart from conversation:
Organizational structure
Use of formalized language
Method of delivery
* Speeches involve thoughts that are logically organized and structured whereas
conversations may wander around subjects
