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Heizer 17
1.
Operations
Management Chapter 17 – Maintenance and Reliability PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render Principles of Operations Management, 7e Operations Management, 9e © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 1
2.
Outline
Global Company Profile: Orlando Utilities Commission The Strategic Importance of Maintenance and Reliability Reliability Improving Individual Components Providing Redundancy © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 2
3.
Outline – Continued
Maintenance Implementing Preventive Maintenance Increasing Repair Capabilities Total Productive Maintenance Techniques for Enhancing Maintenance © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 3
4.
Learning Objectives
When you complete this chapter you should be able to: 1. Describe how to improve system reliability 2. Determine system reliability 3. Determine mean time between failure (MTBF) © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 4
5.
Learning Objectives
When you complete this chapter you should be able to: 3. Distinguish between preventive and breakdown maintenance 4. Describe how to improve maintenance 5. Compare preventive and breakdown maintenance costs © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 5
6.
Orlando Utilities
Commission Maintenance of power generating plants Every year each plant is taken off-line for 1-3 weeks maintenance Every three years each plant is taken off-line for 6-8 weeks for complete overhaul and turbine inspection Each overhaul has 1,800 tasks and requires 72,000 labor hours OUC performs over 12,000 maintenance tasks each year © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 6
7.
Orlando Utilities
Commission Every day a plant is down costs OUC $110,000 Unexpected outages cost between $350,000 and $600,000 per day Preventive maintenance discovered a cracked rotor blade which could have destroyed a $27 million piece of equipment © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 7
8.
Strategic Importance of
Maintenance and Reliability Failure has far reaching effects on a firm’s Operation Reputation Profitability Dissatisfied customers Idle employees Profits becoming losses Reduced value of investment in plant and equipment © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 8
9.
Maintenance and Reliability
The objective of maintenance and reliability is to maintain the capability of the system while controlling costs Maintenance is all activities involved in keeping a system’s equipment in working order Reliability is the probability that a machine will function properly for a specified time © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 9
10.
Important Tactics
Reliability 1. Improving individual components 2. Providing redundancy Maintenance 1. Implementing or improving preventive maintenance 2. Increasing repair capability or speed © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 10
11.
Maintenance Strategy
Employee Involvement Information sharing Skill training Reward system Results Employee empowerment Reduced inventory Improved quality Improved capacity Reputation for quality Maintenance and Reliability Continuous improvement Procedures Reduced variability Clean and lubricate Monitor and adjust Make minor repair Keep computerized records Figure 17.1 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 11
12.
Reliability
Improving individual components Rs = R 1 x R2 x R 3 x … x R n where R1 = reliability of component 1 R2 = reliability of component 2 and so on © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 12
13.
Overall System Reliability
100 – n=1 Reliability of the system (percent) 80 – n=1 0 60 – 40 – n= 20 – n 50 = 10 n 0 = 0 – 20 n= 0 n = 30 0 40 0 | | | | | | | | | 100 99 98 97 96 Figure 17.2 Average reliability of each component (percent) © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 13
14.
Reliability Example
R1 R2 R3 .90 .80 .99 Rs Reliability of the process is Rs = R1 x R2 x R3 = .90 x .80 x .99 = .713 or 71.3% © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 14
15.
Product Failure Rate
(FR) Basic unit of measure for reliability Number of failures FR(%) = x 100% Number of units tested Number of failures FR(N) = Number of unit-hours of operating time Mean time between failures 1 MTBF = FR(N) © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 15
16.
Failure Rate Example
20 air conditioning units designed for use in NASA space shuttles operated for 1,000 hours One failed after 200 hours and one after 600 hours 2 FR(%) = (100%) = 10% 20 2 FR(N) = = .000106 failure/unit hr 20,000 - 1,200 1 MTBF = = 9,434 hrs .000106 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 16
17.
Failure Rate Example
20 air conditioning units designed for use in NASA space shuttles operated for 1,000 hours One failed after 200 hours and one after 600 hours 2 FR(%) = rate (100%) = 10% Failure per trip 20 FR2= FR(N)(24 hrs)(6 days/trip) FR(N) = FR - 1,200 = .000106 failure/unit hr 20,000 = (.000106)(24)(6) FR = .153 failures per trip 1 MTBF = = 9,434 hr .000106 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 17
18.
Providing Redundancy
Provide backup components to increase reliability Probability Probability Probability of first of second of needing component + component x second working working component (.8) + (.8) x (1 - .8) = .8 + .16 = .96 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 18
19.
Redundancy Example
A redundant process is installed to support the earlier example where Rs = .713 R1 R2 R3 Reliability has 0.90 0.80 increased from .713 to .94 0.90 0.80 0.99 = [.9 + .9(1 - .9)] x [.8 + .8(1 - .8)] x .99 = [.9 + (.9)(.1)] x [.8 + (.8)(.2)] x .99 = .99 x .96 x .99 = .94 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 19
20.
Maintenance
Two types of maintenance Preventive maintenance – routine inspection and servicing to keep facilities in good repair Breakdown maintenance – emergency or priority repairs on failed equipment © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 20
21.
Implementing Preventive
Maintenance Need to know when a system requires service or is likely to fail High initial failure rates are known as infant mortality Once a product settles in, MTBF generally follows a normal distribution Good reporting and record keeping can aid the decision on when preventive maintenance should be performed © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 21
22.
Computerized Maintenance
System Data Files Output Reports Equipment file with parts list Inventory and purchasing reports Maintenance Equipment parts list and work order schedule Equipment Repair history reports history file Cost analysis Data entry (Actual vs. standard) – Work requests – Purchase Inventory of requests – Time reporting spare parts – Contract work Work orders – Preventive maintenance – Scheduled Personnel data downtime with skills, – Emergency wages, etc. maintenance Figure 17.3 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 22
23.
Maintenance Costs
The traditional view attempted to balance preventive and breakdown maintenance costs Typically this approach failed to consider the true total cost of breakdowns Inventory Employee morale Schedule unreliability © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 23
24.
Maintenance Costs
Total costs Preventive maintenance Costs costs Breakdown maintenance costs Maintenance commitment Optimal point (lowest cost maintenance policy) Traditional View Figure 17.4 (a) © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 24
25.
Maintenance Costs
Total costs Full cost of breakdowns Costs Preventive maintenance costs Maintenance commitment Optimal point (lowest cost maintenance policy) Full Cost View Figure 17.4 (b) © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 25
26.
Maintenance Cost Example
Should the firm contract for maintenance on their printers? Number of Number of Months That Breakdowns Breakdowns Occurred 0 2 1 8 2 6 3 4 Total: 20 Average cost of breakdown = $300 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 26
27.
Maintenance Cost Example
1. Compute the expected number of breakdowns Number of Frequency Number of Frequency Breakdowns Breakdowns 0 2/20 = .1 2 6/20 = .3 1 8/20 = .4 3 4/20 = .2 Expected number of breakdowns = ∑ Number of breakdowns x Corresponding frequency = (0)(.1) + (1)(.4) + (2)(.3) + (3)(.2) = 1.6 breakdowns per month © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 27
28.
Maintenance Cost Example
2. Compute the expected breakdown cost per month with no preventive maintenance Expected Expected number Cost per breakdown cost = of breakdowns x breakdown = (1.6)($300) = $480 per month © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 28
29.
Maintenance Cost Example
3. Compute the cost of preventive maintenance Cost of expected Preventive = Cost of breakdowns if service + service contract = maintenance cost contract signed = (1 breakdown/month)($300) + $150/month = $450 per month Hire the service firm; it is less expensive © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 29
30.
Increasing Repair
Capabilities 1. Well-trained personnel 2. Adequate resources 3. Ability to establish repair plan and priorities 4. Ability and authority to do material planning 5. Ability to identify the cause of breakdowns 6. Ability to design ways to extend MTBF © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 30
31.
How Maintenance is
Performed Maintenance Manufacturer’s Depot service Operator department field service (return equipment) Competence is higher as we move to the right Preventive maintenance costs less and is faster the more we move to the left Figure 17.5 © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 31
32.
Total Productive
Maintenance (TPM) Designing machines that are reliable, easy to operate, and easy to maintain Emphasizing total cost of ownership when purchasing machines, so that service and maintenance are included in the cost Developing preventive maintenance plans that utilize the best practices of operators, maintenance departments, and depot service Training workers to operate and maintain their own machines © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 32
33.
Establishing Maintenance
Policies Simulation Computer analysis of complex situations Model maintenance programs before they are implemented Physical models can also be used Expert systems Computers help users identify problems and select course of action © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 – 33
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