valuation is a methodological area that is closely related to, but distinguishable from more traditional social research. Evaluation utilizes many of the same methodologies used in traditional social research, but because evaluation takes place within a political and organizational context, it requires group skills, management ability, political dexterity, sensitivity to multiple stakeholders and other skills that social research in general does not rely on as much.

1. EVALUATION
RESEARCH
Presented by : Mr. Resty C. Samosa
MAEd Biology

2. Evaluation Research
– as an analytical tool, involves investigating a policy program to obtain all
information pertinent to the assessment of its performance, both process
and result.
– evaluation as a phase of the policy cycle more generally refers to the
reporting of such information back to the into the policy-making process
– “the systematic assessment of the operation and/or the outcomes of a
program or policy, compared to a set of explicit or implicit standards, as a
means of contributing to the improvement of the program or policy”

3. Why is there research evaluation?
– provide an evidence base for strategy development,
– document funding practices and thereby establish transparency about
taxpayers’ money,
– decide on the allocation of resources,
– support internal processes for learning about the research system and
funding activities which may result in the adaptation of funding
programmes or research fields,

4. Why is there research evaluation?
– demonstrate that research performing and research funding organizations
are accountable and are concerned with quality assurance,
– sharpen concepts: for example what is understood by internationalization,
interdisciplinary or impact of science
– establish a direct channel of communication with stakeholders, to
communicate the impact and results of research funding to government or
to allow grantees (scientists) to articulate their opinions about the funding
system, application procedures and research conditions (for example
during site visits, interviews, surveys).

5. Characteristics and Principles of
Evaluation
– Childers (1989, p. 250), in his article emphasizing the evaluation of
programs, notes that evaluation research
1. is usually employed for decision making;
2. deals with research questions about a program;
3. takes place in the real world of the program; and
4. usually represents a compromise between pure and applied
research.

6. – Wallace and Van Fleet (2001) comment that evaluation should be
carefully planned, not occur by accident; have a purpose that is
usually goal oriented; focus on determining the quality of a product
or service; go beyond measurement; not be any larger than
necessary; and reflect the situation in which it will occur.

7. Griffiths and King (1991) identify some
Principles for Good evaluation
1. Evaluation must have a purpose; it must not be an end in itself
2. Without the potential for some action, there is no need to evaluate
3. Evaluation must be more than descriptive; it must take into account relationships
among operational performance, users, and organizations
4. Evaluation should be a communication tool involving staff and users
5. Evaluation should not be sporadic but be ongoing and provide a mean for continual
monitoring, diagnosis, and change
6. Ongoing evaluation should provide a means for continual monitoring, diagnosis and
change
7. Ongoing evaluation should be dynamic in nature, reflecting new knowledge and
changes in the environment

8. 5 Basic Evaluation Questions
1) What will be assessed?
2) What measures/indicators will be used?
3) Who will be evaluated?
4) What data will be collected?
5) How will data be analyzed?

9. TYPES OF
EVALUATION
RESEARCH

10. Summative evaluation
Summative evaluation seeks to understand the outcomes or effects of
something, for example where a test in of children in school is used to
assess the effectiveness of teaching or the deployment of a curriculum.
The children in this case are not direct beneficiaries - they are simply
objects that contain information that needs to be extracted.

11. Summative Evaluation Research
– Summative evaluations can assess such as:
A. Finance: Effect in terms of cost, savings, profit and so on.
B. Impact: Broad effect, both positive and negative, including depth,
spread and time effects.
C. Outcomes: Whether desired or unwanted effects are achieved.
D. Secondary analysis: Analysis of existing data to derive additional
information.
E. Meta-analysis: Integrating results of multiple studies.

12. Formative evaluation
– Formative evaluation is used to help strengthen or improve the
person or thing being tested. For example where a test of
children in school is used to shape teaching methods that will
result in optimal learning.

13. Formative evaluation
Formative evaluations can assess such as:
A. Implementation: Monitoring success of a process or project.
B. Needs: Looking at such as type and level of need.
C. Potential: The ability of using information for formative
purpose.

14. Topics Appropriate to Evaluation Research
– Evaluation research is appropriate whenever some social intervention occurs or
is planned.
– Social intervention is an action taken within a social context for the purpose of
producing some intended result.
– In its simplest sense, evaluation research is the process of determining whether
a social intervention has produced the intended result.
– The topics appropriate for evaluation research are limitless.
– The questions appropriate for evaluation research are of great practical
significance: jobs, programs, and investments as well as values and beliefs.

15. What Will Be Evaluated?
Formative (aka Process) Evaluation:
Done to help improve the project itself.
Gather information on how the project worked.
Data is collected about activities: What was done.
Summative (aka Outcome) Evaluation:
Done to determine what results were achieved.
Data is collected about outcomes (objectives; goals): What
happened.

16. What Measures Will Be Used?
Formative Evaluation:
Completion of planned activities
Adherence to proposed time lines
Meeting budget
Summative Evaluation:
Reaching a criterion
Change in knowledge, attitude, skill, behavior

17. Who will be evaluated?
Formative Evaluation:
Those responsible for doing activities/delivering
services and those participating in activities.
Faculty
Agency personnel
Students
Summative Evaluation:
Those who were expected to be impacted by activities.
Students
Clients

18. What data will be collected?
Formative Evaluation:
Program records
Observations
Activity logs
Satisfaction surveys
Summative Evaluation:
Observations
Interviews
Tests
Surveys/questionnaires

19. How will data be analyzed?
1) Qualitative analysis (more for formative)
1) Self-reports
2) Documentation
3) Description
4) Case Study
2) Quantitative analysis (more for summative)
1) Group comparison
2) Group change
3) Individual change
4) Comparison to population/reference
5) Analysis of relationships

20. An Example
The Cosmic Ray Observatory Project (CROP)
Goal: Establish a statewide collaborative network of expert teachers
fully capable of continuing the project locally.
Objectives: Teachers will acquire knowledge about cosmic ray physics
and skill in high energy research methods.
Teachers will exhibit increased self-efficacy for conducting
CROP research and integrating CROP into their teaching.
Activity: High school physics teachers and students will attend
a 3-4 week hands-on summer research experience on cosmic ray
physics at UNL

21. Formative Evaluation
What activities were evaluated?
The specific components of the Summer Research Experience
What measures were used?
Completion of activities
Participant satisfaction
Participant evaluation of goal attainment
Participant evaluation of activity effectiveness
Who was evaluated?
Participants
What data was collected?
Interviews
Rating scales
How was data analyzed?
Content analysis of interview responses
Frequency and descriptive statistical analysis of rating scales.

22. Examples of Formative Measures
Interview Questions
What was the most effective part of the workshop?
Hands-on work with detectors 6
Information from classroom sessions 4
Teacher Comments (by teacher with coded category(s) indicated):
– For me personal was the activities. The actual connecting and wiring and those
things. I don’t sit and take lectures very well. That’s just me. [Hands on work with
the detectors]
– Um, I think it was the classroom work. There was a good review for those of us that
have had physics and it was a good introduction for those that didn’t. [Information
from classroom sessions]

23. Examples of Formative Measures
Rating Scales
1. How effective do you think the workshop was in meeting its goals?
1 2 3 4 5
Not Effective Neither Effective Somewhat Effective Very Effective
nor ineffective Effective
4. Indicate how USEFUL you think each of the following workshop components was using the following scale.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Very Unuseful Somewhat Somewhat Useful Very
Unuseful Unuseful Useful Useful
a. Classroom/lecture sessions on particle detectors and
experimental techniques.
b. Lab work sessions refurbishing and preparing detectors.

24. Examples of Formative Measures
Rating Scales
How effective do you think the workshop was in meeting its goals?
Very Effective Somewhat Neither Effective Not
Effective Effective nor Ineffective Effective
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1) M SD
1 3 1 0 0 4.00 .71
Very Unuseful Somewhat Somewhat Useful Very
Unuseful Unuseful Useful Useful
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) M SD Component
0 0 0 0 2 3 5.60 .55 Classroom/lecture
sessions on particle
detectors and
experimental techniques.
0 0 0 1 3 1 5.00 .71 Lab work sessions
refurbishing and preparing
detectors.

25. Summative Evaluation
What Outcomes were evaluated?
Teachers’ increase in knowledge about cosmic ray physics and skill in high energy research methods
Teachers’ change self-efficacy for conducting CROP research and integrating CROP into their teaching
What measures were used?
Knowledge gain
Achieving criteria level of knowledge/skill
Increase in self-efficacy
Who was evaluated?
Teachers
What data was collected?
Pre- and post-workshop tests of cosmic ray physics and research
Pre- and post-workshop self-efficacy ratings
How was data analyzed?
Dependent t-tests of pre-post scores
Comparing skill scores to criteria

26. Summative Evaluation
Knowledge Test Questions
1. The energy distribution of primary cosmic rays bombarding the earth has
been measured by a number of experiments. In the space below, sketch a
graph of the number of observed primary cosmic rays vs. cosmic ray energy,
and describe the distribution in a sentence or two.
2. Explain how a scintillation counter works, i.e. write down the sequence of
events from the passage of a charged particle through a scintillator to the
generation of an electric signal in a photomultiplier tube.
3. Describe some characteristic differences between electromagnetic showers
and hadronic showers created when particles impinge on a block of matter
or a cosmic ray enters the atmosphere. Hint: think in terms of the type of
particle which initiates the shower, the type of secondary particles in the
shower, the shape of the shower, depth penetration of the shower particles,
etc.

27. Summative Evaluation
Data Analysis
Table 9
Participants Pre- and Post-Test Mean Scores on Knowledge Tests
Pre-Test Post-Test
df M SD M SD t ES
Teachers4 5.00 2.69 19.60 1.71 8.67* 6.64
Note. ES = effect size computed by Cohen's d in averaged pre- and post-test SD units. Teachers, n
= 5.
*p < .01.

28. Summative Evaluation
Self-Efficacy Questions
Please rate how confident you are about each of the following from 0 (completely
unconfident) to 100 (completely confident).
1. Your ability to set-up and maintain the CROP research
equipment at your school.
2. Your ability to conduct CROP research at your school.
3. Your ability to teach students at your school who
haven't attended the Summer Workshop how to
conduct CROP research at your school.
4. Your ability to design your own research projects for
your students utilizing the CROP research equipment.
5. Your ability to incorporate lessons and activities in
high-energy physics into your classes.
6. Your ability to create "hands-on" projects and activities for
students in your classes using the CROP research equipment.

29. Summative Evaluation
Data Analysis
Table 11
Participants Pre- and Post-Test Mean Self-Efficacy Scores
Pre-Test Post-Test
df M SD M SD t ES
Conducting 4 41.00 31.58 77.80 16.10 3.06* 1.54
CROP Activities
Integrating CROP 4 45.00 31.37 79.25 17.31 3.32* 1.41
Into Classes
Utilizing Distance 4 56.67 17.48 70.33 13.35 4.08* .89
Education
Note. ES = effect size computed by Cohen's d in averaged pre- and post-test SD units. Teachers, n = 5.
*p < .01.

30. Formative Evaluation Example
To obtain student reactions for the development of the
campus specific Web based brief intervention versions,
student feedback will be obtained. Beta versions will be
evaluated by recruiting a panel of students from the each
participating campus. These students will complete the
intervention and provide verbal and written feedback on
their reactions to the program and their suggestions for
improvement. Adjustments to the program will be made
based on student feedback.

31. Summative Evaluation Example
Students will complete the web-based brief alcohol intervention
(pre-test). Approximately 6-weeks later, they will again complete
the web-based brief alcohol intervention (post-test). Change will
be determined by comparing post-test scores to pre-test scores
using a Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Success
will be determined by a statistically significant decrease in drinking
and driving (Objective 1) and riding with a driver who has been
drinking (Objective 2), with an effect size of at least a 10% pre- to
post-test decrease for drunk driving and a 6% decrease for riding
with a drinking driver.

32. Formulating
the Problem:
Issues of
Measurement

33. Formulating the Problem: Issues of
Measurement
– Problem: What is the purpose of the intervention to be evaluated?
– This question often produces vague results.
– A common problem is measuring the “unmeasurable.”
– Evaluation research is a matter of finding out whether something is there
or not there, whether something happened or did not happen.
– To conduct evaluation research, we must be able to operationalize,
observe, and measure.

34. What is the outcome, or the response variable?
– If a social program is intended to accomplish something, we must be
able to measure that something.
– It is essential to achieve agreements on definitions in advance.
– In some cases you may find that the definitions of a problem and a
sufficient solution are defined by law or by agency regulations; if so
you must be aware of such specifications and accommodate them.

35. – Whatever the agreed-upon definitions, you must also
achieve agreement on how the measurements will be
made.
– There may be several outcome measures, for instance
surveys of attitudes and behaviors, existing statistics, use
of other resources.

36. Measuring Experimental Contexts
– Measuring the dependent variable directly involved in the
experimental program is only a beginning.
– It is often appropriate and important to measure those aspects
of the context of an experiment researchers think might affect
the experiment.
– For example, what is happening in the larger society beyond the
experimental group, which may affect the experimental group.

37. Specifying Interventions
– Besides making measurements relevant to the outcomes of a
program, researchers must measure the program intervention—
the experimental stimulus.
– The experimental stimulus is the program intervention.
– If the research design includes an experimental and a control
group, then the experimental stimulus will be handled.

38. – Assigning a person to the experimental group is the same as scoring that person
“yes” on the stimulus, and assigning “no” to the person in the control group.
– Considerations: who participates fully; who misses participation in the program
periodically; who misses participation in the program a lot?
– Measures may need to be included to measure level of participation.
– The problems may be more difficult than that.
– The factors to consider should be addressed thoroughly.

39. Specifying the Population
– It is important to define the population of possible subjects for whom the
program is appropriate.
– Ideally, all or a sample of appropriate subjects will then be assigned to
experimental and control groups as warranted by the study design.
– Beyond defining the relevant population, the researcher should make fairly
precise measurements of the variables considered in the definition.

40. New versus Existing Measures
– If the study addresses something that’s never been measured before, the
choice is easy—new measures.
– If the study addresses something that others have tried to measure, the
researcher will need to evaluate the relative worth of various existing
measurement devices in terms of her or his specific research situations
and purpose.

41. – Of greater scientific significance, measures that have
been used frequently by other researchers carry a body
of possible comparisons that might be important to the
current evaluation.
– Finally, measures with a long history of use usually have
known degrees of validity and reliability, but newly
created measures will require pretesting or will be used
with considerable uncertainty.

42. – Advantages of creating measures:
– They can offer greater relevance and validity than using
existing measures.
– Advantages of using existing measures:
– Creating good measures takes time and energy, both of which
could be saved by adopting an existing technique.

43. Operationalizing Success/Failure
– Potentially one of the most taxing aspects of evaluation research
is determining whether the program under review succeeded or
failed. Definitions of “success” and “failure” can be rather
difficult.

44. Cost-benefit analysis
– How much does the program cost in relation to what it returns in
benefits?
– If the benefits outweigh the cost, keep the program going.
– If the reverse, ‘junk it’.
– Unfortunately this is not an appropriate analysis to make if
thinking only in terms of money.

45. – Researchers must take measurement quite seriously in
evaluation research, carefully determining all the variables to
be measured and getting appropriate measures for each.
– Such decisions are often not purely scientific ones.
– Evaluation researchers often must work out their measurement
strategy with the people responsible for the program being
evaluated.
– There is also a political aspect.

46. TYPES OF
EVALUATION
RESEARCH
DESIGN

47. Types of Evaluation Research Designs
– Evaluation research is not itself a method, but rather one
application of social research methods. As such, it can involve
any of several research designs. To be discussed:
– 1. Experimental designs
– 2. Quasi-experimental designs
– 3. Qualitative evaluations

48. – Experimental Designs
– Many of the experimental designs introduced in Chapter 8
can be used in evaluation research.

49. – Quasi-Experimental Designs: distinguished from “true”
experiments primarily by the lack of random assignment of
subjects to an experiments primarily by the lack of random
assignment of subjects to an experimental and control
group. In evaluation research, it’s often impossible to
achieve such an assignment of subjects.

50. – Rather than forgo evaluation all together, there are some
other possibilities.
– Time-Series Designs
– Nonequivalent Control Groups
– Multiple Time-Series Designs

51. – Nonequivalent Control Groups:
– Using an existing “control” group that appears similar to the
experimental group, used when researchers cannot create
experimental and control groups by random assignment from a
common pool.
– A nonequivalent control group can provide a point of
comparison even though it is not formally a part of the study.

52. – Multiple Time-Series Designs:
– Using more than one time-series analysis.
– These are the improved version of the nonequivalent control group
design.
– This method is not as good as the one in which control groups are
randomly assigned, but it is an improvement over assessing the
experimental group’s performance without any comparison.

53. – Qualitative Evaluations
– Evaluations can be less structured and more qualitative.
– Sometimes important, often unexpected information is
yielded from in-depth interviews.

54. Logic Model
of
Evaluation
Research

55. Planning Evaluation
The Logic Model
A systematic linkage of project goals,
objectives, activities, and outcomes.

56. Steps in Creating a Logic Model
1) Clarify what the goals of the project/ program are.
2) Clarify what objectives the project should achieve.
3) Specify what program activities will occur.

57. Goal Clarification
High school physics teachers and students will attend a 3-4 week
hands-on summer research experience on cosmic ray physics at
UNL.
Is this a goal?

58. Goal Clarification
Establish a statewide collaborative network of expert teachers fully
capable of continuing the project locally.

59. Developing Objectives
Goal: Establish a statewide collaborative network of expert
teachers fully capable of continuing the project locally.
Objectives
1. Teachers will acquire knowledge about cosmic ray
physics and skill in high energy research methods.
2. Teachers will exhibit increased self-efficacy for
conducting CROP research and integrating CROP into
their teaching.

60. CROP Logic Model
Goal: Establish a statewide collaborative network of expert teachers fully capable of
continuing the project locally.
Objectives:
1. Teachers will acquire knowledge about cosmic ray physics and skill in high energy
research methods.
2. Teachers will exhibit increased self-efficacy for conducting CROP research and
integrating CROP into their teaching.
Activity: High school physics teachers and students will attend a 3-4 week hands-on
summer research experience on cosmic ray physics at UNL

61. Evaluating the Logic Model
– Goal – Objective Correspondence
Are objectives related to the overall goal?
– Goal – Activity Correspondence
Do anticipated activities adequately implement the goals?
– Activity – Objective Correspondence
Will program activities result in achieving objectives?

62. CROP Logic Model
Goal: Establish a statewide collaborative network of expert
teachers fully capable of continuing the project locally.
Objectives: Teachers will acquire knowledge about cosmic ray physics and skill
in high energy research methods.
Teachers will exhibit increased self-efficacy for conducting CROP
research and integrating CROP into their teaching.
Activity: High school physics teachers and students will attend a 3-4
week hands-on summer research experience on cosmic ray physics at
UNL

63. An Example
GOAL 1: Increase the availability of attractive student
centered social activities located both on and off the NU
campus.
Objective 1.1: Increase by 15% from baseline the
number of students aware of campus and
community entertainment options available to NU
students.
Activity: Develop and maintain an interactive web site
describing social and entertainment options for
students.

64. Another Example
GOAL 7: Reduce high-risk alcohol marketing and
promotion practices.
Objective 7.3: Reduce by 25% from baseline, the volume of alcohol
advertisements in the Daily Nebraskan, The Reader and Ground Zero
that mention high-risk marketing and promotion practices.
Activity: Work with the media to encourage at least 3 newspaper articles or
television news stories in the Lincoln market each school year
concerning high-risk marketing and promotion practices.

65. Logic Model Example
Goal Objectives Methodology Completion Date
1. Create active, operational
campus task forces at the 11
remaining state-funded
institutions of higher
education serving
undergraduate populations.
1.1 Recruit support from
upper administration at each
institution to commit
personnel to task force
coordination and
participation.
Administrative luncheon
presentations to institution
chancellors and presidents on
statewide initiatives hosted by
University of Nebraska
President James Milliken;
follow-up identifying key
contacts
By November, 2005
1.2 Provide technical
assistance and training to
assist campuses in campus
task force recruitment,
organization and
development.
Drive-in workshop on coalition
development; follow-up
teleconferences with
organizers, internet
resources.
By December, 2005
1.3: Provide regular
teleconferencing facilitation to
allow interaction between
task force coordinators at
participating campuses.
Monthly telephone conference
of campus task force
organizers; agenda that
allows sharing of issues,
problems, needs, and
accomplishments
Ongoing through January,
2007

66. Logic Model Worksheet
Goals Activities Objectives
(Outcome)
Indicators
Measures
Who
Evaluated
Data Sources Data Analysis

67. Issues about
Evaluation
Research

68. – The Social Context
– Evaluation research has a special propensity for
running into problems.
– Logistical problems
– Ethical problems

69. Logistical Problems
– Problems associated with getting subjects to do what they are
supposed to do, getting research instruments distributed and
returned, and other seemingly unchallenging tasks that can prove
to be very challenging.
– The special, logistical problems of evaluation research grow out of
the fact that it occurs within the context of real life.

70. – Although evaluation research is modeled after the experiment—
which suggests that the researchers have control over what
happens—it takes place within frequently uncontrollable daily
life.
– Lack of control can create real dilemmas for the researchers.

71. Administrative control:
– The logistical details of an evaluation project often fall to program
administrators.
– What happens when the experimental stimulus changes in the middle of the
experiment due to unforeseen problems (e.g. escaping convicts;
inconsistency of attendance, or replacing original subjects with substitutes)?
– Some of the data will reflect the original stimulus; other data will reflect the
modification.

72. Ethical Issues
– Ethics and evaluation are intertwined in many ways.
– Sometimes the social interventions being evaluated raise ethical
issues. They may involve political, ideological and ethical issues
about the topic itself
– Maybe the experimental program is of great value to those
participating in it.
– But what about the control group who is not receiving help?

73. Use of Research Results
– Because the purpose of evaluation research is to determine the
success or failure of social interventions, you might think it
reasonable that a program would automatically be continued or
terminated based on the results of the research.
– It’s not that simple.
– Other factors intrude on the assessment of evaluation research
results, sometimes blatantly and sometimes subtly.

74. – Three important reasons why the implications of the evaluation
research results are not always put into practice.
– The implications may not always be presented in a way that the
nonresearchers can understand.
– Evaluation results sometimes contradict deeply held beliefs
– Vested interests in the programs underway

75. Social Indicators Research
– Combining evaluation research with the analysis of existing data.
– A rapidly growing field in social research involves the development and
monitoring of social indicators, aggregated statistics that reflect the social
condition of a society or social subgroup.
– Researchers use indicators to monitor social life.
– It’s possible to use social indicators data for comparison across groups
either at one time or across some period of time.
– Often doing both sheds the most light on the subject.

76. – The use of social indicators is proceeding on two fronts:
– Researchers are developing ever more-refined indicators; finding
which indicators of a general variable are the most useful in
monitoring social life
– Research is being devoted to discovering the relationships among
variables within whole societies

77. – Evaluation research provides a means for us to learn right away
whether a particular “tinkering” really makes things better.
– Social indicators allow us to make that determination on a broad
scale; coupling them with computer simulation opens up the
possibility of knowing how much we would like a particular
intervention without having to experience its risks.

78. General References
– Frechting, J.A (2007). Logic modeling methods in Evaluation Research. San
Francisco: Jossey – Bass/. Wisey.
– Pattons, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and evaluation methods.
Thousand, CA: Sage

79. “Don’t stop Learning, if you stop
Learning, you’ll stop growing”.