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The sociological perspectives
1. The Sociological Perspectives
⢠The Structural/Functional Perspective
⢠The Conflict Perspective
⢠Symbolic/Interactionist Perspective
Structural - Functional
⢠Society is viewed as a complex system of parts (structures) that
interact to perform various necessary functions
⢠Shared values, norms, attitudes and beliefs (consensus)
⢠Change is generally viewed as disruptive and gradual
⢠Macrosociology
Conflict Theory
⢠Views society as a struggle for resources and power
⢠Change is inevitable, often beneficial and can be violent
⢠Conflict between the classes determines social change
⢠Some groups prosper at the expense of others
⢠Conflict is universal; social consensus is limited and
inequality is widespread
⢠Macrosociology
Symbolic Interactionism
⢠Studies society through interactions within individual
and small groups
⢠Interaction between individuals is negotiated through
shared symbols, gestures and nonverbal communications
⢠Humans are social animals and require interaction
⢠Asks the questionsâ âHow do individuals experience
one another?â âHow do they interpret the meaning of these
interactions?â and âHow do people construct a sense of self
and the society as a whole?â
⢠Microsociology
2. Famous Theorists
(you should know)
Auguste Comte
(French)(1798-1857)
⢠Coined the term âsociologyâ
⢠Believed society could be studied like any other science
⢠Key concepts: positivism, sociology the âqueenâ of sciences,
social engineering
Harriet Martineau
English (1802-1876)
⢠Translated A. Comteâs work into English
⢠Concerned with social change and the plight of women
and children in English factories during the early phases
of industrialization
⢠First acknowledged female sociologist
⢠Examined emerging American society (c 1834)
3. Ămile Durkheim
(French) (1858-1917)
⢠Founded sociology as an academic discipline
⢠Famous for his study on suicides (1897)
⢠Use of statistics in sociology
⢠Key concepts: social facts, social structure
social solidarity, collective conscience, mechanical and
organic solidarity, anomie
⢠Structural/functionalist theorist
Karl Marx
(German) (1818-1883)
⢠Founder of political / economic theory of socialism (communism)
⢠Considered the founder of the conflict perspective
⢠Wrote the Communist Manifesto and co wrote Das Kapital (with
Friedrich Engels)
⢠Key concepts: proletariat, bourgeoisie, capitalists, social class,
dialectics (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)
4. Max Weber
(German) (1864-1920)
⢠Believed that sociologist could never capture the reality
of society but should focus on ideal types that best capture
the essential features of aspects of social reality
⢠Key concepts: bureaucracy, verstehen, rationalization of the
modern world, people are becoming prisoners of new
technology, loss of individuality
Herbert Spencer
(English) (1820-1903)
⢠Structural/Functionalist
⢠Coined the term âsurvival of the fittestâ in reference to human
social arrangements (Social Darwinism)
⢠Advocated against social reform efforts to poor people because
it disrupts the natural selection process of evolution
5. Jane Addams
(American) (1880-1935)
⢠Won the first Nobel Peace Prize (1931) given to an
American sociologist
⢠Founded Hull House for the poor in Chicago
⢠Influenced the âChicago Schoolâ of applied sociology
(social problems)
⢠Pioneered the study of social problems
W. E. B. DuBois
(American) (1868-1963)
⢠First Afro-American PhD graduate of Harvard University
⢠Concerned with the social position of African-Americans in US
society.
⢠Wrote The Philadelphia Negro (1899) on race relations
⢠Used statistics to examine racial discrimination against blacks
Talcott Parsons
(American) (1902-1979)
⢠Reintroduced the theories of European sociologists while
teaching at Harvard University
⢠Structural/Functionalist
⢠Abstract âivory towerâ theoretician
⢠Emphasis on empirical research--not social reform
6. C. Wright Mills
(American) (1916-1962)
⢠Taught at Columbia University
⢠Marxist, structural/functionalist theorist
⢠Key concepts: power elite, radical social change, social
injustices, applied sociology, the âsociological imaginationâ
Robert K. Merton
(American) (1910-2002)
⢠Taught at Columbia University
⢠Sought to bridge the European âgrandâ theories and a
more focused research style
⢠Structural/Functionalist
⢠Key concepts: manifest & latent functions, âStrain Theoryâ
of deviance, dysfunctions
George Herbert Mead
(American) (1863-1961)
⢠Symbolic/Interactionist theorist
⢠Believed that the self was a social product acquired by
observing and assimilating the identities of others
⢠Key concepts: âIâ & âmeâ, significant other, generalized other,
role taking, preparatory stage, play stage, game stage.
7. Charles Horton Cooley
(American) (1864-1929)
⢠Symbolic interactionist theorist
⢠We develop a sense of who we are in society based upon
interaction with others and how we feel others perceive us
⢠The âLooking Glass Selfâ
Erving Goffman
(American) (1922-1982)
⢠Symbolic interactionist theorist
⢠Believed we play roles and present a âfaceâ for public view
⢠Key concepts: dramaturgical approach, frontstage & backstage
selves, presentation of self
Sigmund Freud
(German)(1856-1939)
⢠Psychoanalyst
⢠Key concepts: unconscious, id, ego, superego, psycho-sexual
stages, psychoanalysis, ego defense mechanisms, free association.
dream interpretation, seduction theory, libido, libidinal energy
8. Erik Erikson
(German/American)(1902-1994)
⢠Psychologist
⢠Eight Stages of Man (Psycho-social stages)
⢠Focused on ego conflict through the life span and
how they are resolved
Lawrence Kohlberg
(American)(1927-1988)
⢠Psychologist
⢠Expanded Piagetâs theory of moral development in children
⢠Key concepts: Stages of Moral Development, the âHeinz scenarioâ
Carol Gilligan
(American) (1936- )
⢠Social psychologist: former student of Lawrence Kohlberg
⢠Took a feminist perspective to moral reasoning, author of
In a Different Voice, which proposes that males and
females have different moral reasoning
⢠Key concepts: caring perspective (females); justice & law (males)
9. Albert Bandura
(American) (1925- )
⢠Social (cognitive) psychologist, performed classic study of
imitation and aggressive behaviors in children.
⢠Key concepts: social learning theory, imitation, models,
vicarious reinforcement, expectancies self efficacy, reciprocal
determinism
B(urrhus) F(redrick) Skinner
(American) (1904-1990)
⢠Psychologist, learning theorist, behaviorist. Taught at Harvard
University, probably the most famous American psychologist
⢠Wrote several books including: The Behavior of Organisms,
Beyond Freedom and Dignity, and Walden Two
⢠Key concepts: operant learning, positive & negative reinforcement,
punishment, shaping, schedules of reinforcement,
behavior modification, the Skinner Box