Cold war era 1956 to 1960

1. COLD WAR ERA: 1956 TO 1960
United States VS Soviet Union
Democracy VS Communism
Capitalism VS Socialism

2. POLITICAL DYNAMICS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES DURING 1956 TO
1960

3. PAKISTAN
Under 1956 constitution country was known as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan.”
President:
 Iskander Mirza Prime Ministers
 Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
 Huseyn Shahid Suhrawardy
 Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
 Feroz Khan Noon
 On 7october1958 Martial Law was imposed and Ayub Khan was appointed as Chief Martial
Law Administrator. Martial law continued till 1962.

4. IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA
Iran
There was Monarchy in Iran and it was ruled
by Muhammad Reza.
Prime minister of Iran was Muhammad
Mossadegh.
There was a liberal form of monarchy and
Iran was much modernized.
Saudi Arabia
There was monarchy in Saudi Arabia.
Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud was the king of
Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1964.
Islamic Laws are strictly followed in Saudi
Arabia.

5. AFGHANISTAN AND INDIA
Afghanistan
Afghanistan is an Islamic state and it was
also ruled by a Monarch.
Muhammad Zahir Shah was the King of
Afghanistan.
Muhammad Daud Khan was the Prime
minister of Afghanistan.
India
India is a Secular state.
The constitution of 1950 made India a
democratic state.
During 1950 to 1960 Jawaharlal Nehru was
the prime minister.
Rajendra Prasad was president of India.

6. CHINA AND SOVIET UNION
China
The communist party gained control after winning
the Chinese civil war. There was a strict form of
communism in China.
Mao Zedong was the leader of China for many years
and the type of communism during his reign is often
called as Maoism.
Soviet Union
Soviet Union was also a communist State and there
was no freedom of speech.
Nikita Khrushchev was a statesman who led the
Soviet Union during Cold War.
He remained as first secretary of the communist
party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964.

7. America is a Capitalist country.
There is democracy in America and
under democracy Presidential form of
Government is adopted.
Dwight Eisenhower was the president
of America during 1956 to 1960.He was
from Republican party.
On Tuesday 8november1960
presidential elections held in America
and John F. Kennedy of democrat party
became the President.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

8. FOREIGN RELATION OF DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES DURING COLD WAR ERA (1953-
1962)

9. The term on wishes to conduct its
international relations is called
foreign policy.
1- Foreign Relation Of different States
During Cold War.
In the cold war world was considered
as three worlds .The first world was
considered as united states .The
second was the soviet union and the
third world was all the newly
independent nations who did not
have a side.
DEFINITION

10. Pakistan and India are like the two poles
of magnet always opposite to each other
and in cold war they were on the
opposite sides.
As Pakistan was a member of two US
based treaties CENTO and SEATO that is
why Pakistan supported US during cold
war. India were a newly emerging
country at that time and also Nehru
always wanted India to keep distance
from all type of global tensions but USSR
was a primary supplier of modern
weapon so India much on USSR for
modern weapon and steel so India and
USSR were in support of each as Indian
newspapers also wrote a lot against US
FOREIGN RELATION OF PAKISTAN AND INDIA

11. The role of US in Pakistan foreign
policy thought the cold war the war
against the USSR in Afghanistan
regarded as the first test case foe
Pakistan during the cold war as a
frontline ally of the US and currently
the fight against terrorism should not
be understated .The relation of
Pakistan and US is consider as the tale
of exaggerated expectations broken
promises and period of disastrous
misunderstandings.
US PAKISTAN RELATION DURING COLD WAR.

12. As during the period of cold warI India and
US were on opposite . Apart from the
Kashmir issue in the beginning of cold war
there were from other issues which made
different views of the two countries like
international control of atomic energy
question Palestine and the creation of Israel
Indonesia and Indio – china issue India did
not approve of the American policy of
containing communist soviet union and
china though the system of military
alliance and sought to promote a climate of
peaceful coexistence and cooperation by
recognizing the vital difference between
their political and economic institutions and
its own policies .
INDIO US RELATION

13. Indo Russia friendship is a time tested
relationship no one has been such a
tested friend as has been India to
Russia In1950 when military pacts were
being formed by USA to counter
communist treat India refused to join
such pact as opposed to Pakistan and
sticking to non alignment brought the
two countries together therefore both
had agreed on matter like Suez crisis
and disagreed on matte Hungary yet
both move amicably with their bilateral
relation .SSS
RELATION OF INDIA AND RUSSIA

14. During the early Cold War, Afghanistan
attempted to maintain a non-aligned status,
receiving aid from both the Soviet Union and
the United States, but ended up relying
heavily on assistance from the Soviets.
In 1958, Afghanistan’s Prime Minister Daud
Khan tried to create a treaty with America
against the Soviet Union because he was
frightened of a potential Soviet invasion and
needed modern weapons.
After the American’s turned down the
Afghanistan government, the Soviet Union
provided financial aid, military personal
training and modern weapons and rocket
launchers.
FOREIGN POLICY OF AFGHANISTAN

15. From 1953 to late 1960s (post overthrow
of Mossadegh) with the restoration of
the Shah, who had fled the country, to
the throne, as a result of a coup
engineered in large and by the CIA and
British intelligence was a period in which
Iran was very dependent on the US.
This was not a patron-client relationship
of the US and Iran Shah’s independence
of the US grew. But nevertheless, it was
clear that the US was the senior partner
in the relationship.
FOREIGN POLICY OF IRAN

16. In the first half of 1950s, the Sino-Soviet
relationship was cardial and the top priority of the
peoples (PRC,S) diplomacy. The contacts between
the two governments were frequent and bilateral
negotiations were conducted.
The Chinese quarreled with Soviets over the issue
of de-Stalinization, the soviet proposal of building
a joint longwave radio station and nuclear
submarine fleet in China. In July 1960,Moscow
announced the abrupt removal of Soviet advisers
and the technical personnel from china.
Tensions rose along the Sino-Soviet border. The
Sino-Soviet alliance collapsed.
FOREIGN POLICY OF CHINA

17. Competition of military capabilities
Between to or more countries
 War heads 1956
 6 point plan of USA 1957
 Nuclear test ban 1958
 Antarctic treaty 1959
 Ten nation disbarment conference 1960
ARM RACE (1956-1960)

18. NAME
• Ch. Muhammad Ali
• Elected Democratically
• Hussein Shaheed
• Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
• Sir Feroz Khan
• Ayub Khan
ERA
• (1955-1956)
• (1956-1957)
• (oct: 1957-Dec: 1957)
• (1957-1958)
• (1958-1969)
RULERS AND ASSASSINATIONS
PAKISTANI LEADERS DURING COLD WAR

19. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
• (1894-1971)
• Nehru was recognized as the Gandhi’s
successor. In foreign affairs, he advocated
nonalignment for India in the divided Cold
War World and sought diplomatic and
nonviolent solutions in his conflict with
other nations.
• On November 1957, he appealed United
Nations to end nuclear tests and begin
disarmament.
ERA:(1952-1957)
• (1957-1962)
INDIAN RULERS DURING COLD WAR

20. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
• He was noble for ending Korean War and
the Eisenhower Doctrine.
• He warned against the rise and power of
the “military –industrial complex,” but his
successors ignored him amid the perceived
demands of Cold War.
ERA: (1953-1961)
AMERICAN RULERS DURING COLD WAR

21. NIKOLAI BULGANIN
• He led the Soviet Union during Cold War,
serving as premier from 1958-1964.
• He pursued the policy of peaceful
coexistence with the West.
ERA: (1953-1964)
SOVIET UNION RULERS
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV
ERA:(1955-1958)

22. M. DAOUD KHAN
• He was the fifth Prime Minister of
Afghanistan and later the president of
Afghanistan.
• The cold war climate between two
superpowers, the daoud regime also
sought to strengthen its ties with United
States, whose interest in Afghanistan had
grown as a result of united states efforts to
forge an alliance among the countries in
“Northern Tier.”
ERA: (1953-1963)
AFGHANISTAN RULERS

23. SAUD BIN ABDUL-AZIZ AL SAUD
• He led the Saudi Arabia during the cold
war.
• He also addressed the outcomes
• and repercussions of the Cold War.
• Saudi Arabia under the rule of Saud faces
many challenges.
ERA: (1953-1963)
SAUDI ARABIA RULERS

24. MANOUCHEHR EGHBAL
• Eghbal continued as prime minister untill
fall of 1960 and was replaced by Sharif
Emami.
• He made important regimes during cold
war.
ERA: (1957-1960)
RULERS OF IRAN

25. THANK
YOU