SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 13
In the lexical approach, instruction focuses on fixed expressions that
occurfrequently in dialogues,
The basic concept on which this approach rests is the idea that an
important part of learning a language consists of being able to
understand and produce lexical phrases as chunks. Students are
thought to be able to perceive patterns of language (grammar) as
well as have meaningful set uses of words at theirdisposal when
they are taught in this way.
Approach Chunks
Collocations
Lexical Units
Minimal Pairs
single Words (pencil, watch)
Polywords (by the way,anyway
Trinomials: cool, calm, upside down
Similes: as old as the hills. Convinced
Connectives: finally, to
Fixed Expressions Social greetings
( Good morning! It’s a lovely morning, isn’t it )
Semi-fixed Expressions Minimal variation ( It’s /
That’s not my fault)
Idioms: shead crocodile tears,dead drunk, to run
partnerships
There are some combinations of words which co-occur naturally with
greater than random frequency.
Introduction of chunks – practice of chunks – accumulation of chunks,
use of chunks and coolocations
Teaching individual collocations
Making students aware of collocattions
Extanding what students already know by adding knowledge of
collocation
restrictions to know vocabulary
Storing collocations through encouragin students to keep a lexical
notebook
It lacks full
characterization of an
approach lack of a
detailed learning theory
Deliberately draw attention to chunks, collocations, idioms, etc.. And
invite
learners to do the same
Focus attention on identifying and using chunks
Teach learners to be critically aware
Teach the what good language learners do and how to do it
It is lexically based theory of language
It doesn’t have any certain learning theory
Learning lexis is not an easy task, it is a slow and complex process
which
require a lot of dedication and effort from teachers and learnerS

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Lexical approach
  Lexical approach  Lexical approach
Lexical approachmirkopiero
 
The Lexical Approach
The Lexical ApproachThe Lexical Approach
The Lexical Approachelkaiser1987
 
The lexical approach
The lexical approachThe lexical approach
The lexical approachJolexM
 
Total Physical Response
Total Physical ResponseTotal Physical Response
Total Physical ResponseMital Raval
 
Communicative language teaching
Communicative language teachingCommunicative language teaching
Communicative language teachingValeria Roldán
 
Lexical approach c-map
Lexical approach c-mapLexical approach c-map
Lexical approach c-mapCamila__
 
task based language teaching TBLT
task based language teaching TBLTtask based language teaching TBLT
task based language teaching TBLTMohammed Imad
 
History Of Language Teaching
History Of Language TeachingHistory Of Language Teaching
History Of Language TeachingIsabel
 
Total physical response
Total physical responseTotal physical response
Total physical responseLoc Le
 
The oral approach and situational language teaching
The oral approach and situational language teachingThe oral approach and situational language teaching
The oral approach and situational language teachingcamiss20
 
Task-based Language Teaching TBLT
Task-based Language Teaching TBLTTask-based Language Teaching TBLT
Task-based Language Teaching TBLThamedtr
 
The Lexical Approach
The Lexical ApproachThe Lexical Approach
The Lexical ApproachEdgarSVA
 
The History of Teaching English as a Foreign Language
The History of Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageThe History of Teaching English as a Foreign Language
The History of Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageFariba Chamani
 

Mais procurados (20)

Lexical approach
Lexical approachLexical approach
Lexical approach
 
Lexical approach
  Lexical approach  Lexical approach
Lexical approach
 
The Lexical Approach
The Lexical ApproachThe Lexical Approach
The Lexical Approach
 
Lexical approach
Lexical approachLexical approach
Lexical approach
 
Lexical Approach
Lexical ApproachLexical Approach
Lexical Approach
 
LEXICAL APPROACH
LEXICAL APPROACHLEXICAL APPROACH
LEXICAL APPROACH
 
The lexical approach
The lexical approachThe lexical approach
The lexical approach
 
Total Physical Response
Total Physical ResponseTotal Physical Response
Total Physical Response
 
The lexical approach.ppt
The lexical approach.pptThe lexical approach.ppt
The lexical approach.ppt
 
The direct method
The direct methodThe direct method
The direct method
 
Communicative language teaching
Communicative language teachingCommunicative language teaching
Communicative language teaching
 
Lexical approach c-map
Lexical approach c-mapLexical approach c-map
Lexical approach c-map
 
task based language teaching TBLT
task based language teaching TBLTtask based language teaching TBLT
task based language teaching TBLT
 
History Of Language Teaching
History Of Language TeachingHistory Of Language Teaching
History Of Language Teaching
 
Total physical response
Total physical responseTotal physical response
Total physical response
 
The oral approach and situational language teaching
The oral approach and situational language teachingThe oral approach and situational language teaching
The oral approach and situational language teaching
 
Task-based Language Teaching TBLT
Task-based Language Teaching TBLTTask-based Language Teaching TBLT
Task-based Language Teaching TBLT
 
The Audiolingual Method
The Audiolingual MethodThe Audiolingual Method
The Audiolingual Method
 
The Lexical Approach
The Lexical ApproachThe Lexical Approach
The Lexical Approach
 
The History of Teaching English as a Foreign Language
The History of Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageThe History of Teaching English as a Foreign Language
The History of Teaching English as a Foreign Language
 

Destaque

Total physical response
Total physical responseTotal physical response
Total physical responsePatrmartin
 
Desuggestopedia
DesuggestopediaDesuggestopedia
DesuggestopediaCarlson Sa
 
desuggestopedia
desuggestopediadesuggestopedia
desuggestopediaozlemguner
 
Total physical response
Total physical responseTotal physical response
Total physical responsePatrmartin
 
Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods
Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods
Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods Abdelhamid Bousaadi
 
total physical response
total physical responsetotal physical response
total physical responsegingerfresa
 
Total Physical Response (TPR Method)
Total Physical Response (TPR Method)Total Physical Response (TPR Method)
Total Physical Response (TPR Method)Restu Ayu Asmarani
 
Total Physical Response (Tpr)
Total Physical Response (Tpr)Total Physical Response (Tpr)
Total Physical Response (Tpr)thefakesamurai
 

Destaque (13)

Total physical response
Total physical responseTotal physical response
Total physical response
 
Desuggestopedia
DesuggestopediaDesuggestopedia
Desuggestopedia
 
desuggestopedia
desuggestopediadesuggestopedia
desuggestopedia
 
Total physical response
Total physical responseTotal physical response
Total physical response
 
Suggestopedia
SuggestopediaSuggestopedia
Suggestopedia
 
Desuggestopedia
DesuggestopediaDesuggestopedia
Desuggestopedia
 
Natural approach
Natural approachNatural approach
Natural approach
 
Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods
Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods
Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov - teaching methods
 
total physical response
total physical responsetotal physical response
total physical response
 
Suggestopedia
SuggestopediaSuggestopedia
Suggestopedia
 
Total Physical Response (TPR Method)
Total Physical Response (TPR Method)Total Physical Response (TPR Method)
Total Physical Response (TPR Method)
 
Total Physical Response (Tpr)
Total Physical Response (Tpr)Total Physical Response (Tpr)
Total Physical Response (Tpr)
 
Total Physical Response
Total Physical ResponseTotal Physical Response
Total Physical Response
 

Semelhante a Lexical approach Presentation

The lexical approach By Masnur
The lexical approach By MasnurThe lexical approach By Masnur
The lexical approach By MasnurMasnur Tanjung
 
Laxical approach
Laxical approachLaxical approach
Laxical approachIAIN
 
Lexical Approach
Lexical ApproachLexical Approach
Lexical ApproachFiona Burns
 
Main elt methods and approaches
Main elt methods and approachesMain elt methods and approaches
Main elt methods and approachesMeryemBerrada7
 
Teaching Vocabulary
Teaching VocabularyTeaching Vocabulary
Teaching VocabularyIrina K
 
Teaching grammar in the post method era
Teaching grammar in the post method eraTeaching grammar in the post method era
Teaching grammar in the post method eraWu Heping
 
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docx
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docx2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docx
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
 
BASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
BASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGEBASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
BASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGEJoseGatillon
 
Tugas tik 4
Tugas tik 4Tugas tik 4
Tugas tik 4anni_moo
 
ELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptx
ELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptxELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptx
ELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptxJazzyLeeMoso
 
Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)
Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)
Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)luiscarl1981
 
Vocabularyconnections
VocabularyconnectionsVocabularyconnections
Vocabularyconnectionsingridbelloa
 
Vocabularyconnections
VocabularyconnectionsVocabularyconnections
Vocabularyconnectionsingridbelloa
 
Language teaching methodology
Language teaching methodologyLanguage teaching methodology
Language teaching methodologyAnnasta Tastha
 

Semelhante a Lexical approach Presentation (20)

The Lexical Approach
The Lexical ApproachThe Lexical Approach
The Lexical Approach
 
The lexical approach By Masnur
The lexical approach By MasnurThe lexical approach By Masnur
The lexical approach By Masnur
 
Laxical approach
Laxical approachLaxical approach
Laxical approach
 
SLA
SLASLA
SLA
 
Lexical Approach
Lexical ApproachLexical Approach
Lexical Approach
 
Main elt methods and approaches
Main elt methods and approachesMain elt methods and approaches
Main elt methods and approaches
 
Teaching Vocabulary
Teaching VocabularyTeaching Vocabulary
Teaching Vocabulary
 
Teaching grammar in the post method era
Teaching grammar in the post method eraTeaching grammar in the post method era
Teaching grammar in the post method era
 
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docx
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docx2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docx
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docx
 
BASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
BASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGEBASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
BASIC CONCEPTS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
 
Tugas tik 4
Tugas tik 4Tugas tik 4
Tugas tik 4
 
ELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptx
ELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptxELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptx
ELECTIVE-II-Powerpoint.pptx
 
Nyu Pte Methods For All Content Teachers May 21, 2009
Nyu Pte Methods For All Content Teachers May 21, 2009Nyu Pte Methods For All Content Teachers May 21, 2009
Nyu Pte Methods For All Content Teachers May 21, 2009
 
13768148.ppt
13768148.ppt13768148.ppt
13768148.ppt
 
Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)
Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)
Vocabulary (an overview in language teaching)
 
Vocabularyconnections
VocabularyconnectionsVocabularyconnections
Vocabularyconnections
 
Vocabularyconnections
VocabularyconnectionsVocabularyconnections
Vocabularyconnections
 
Su 2012 ss morphology pp
Su 2012 ss morphology ppSu 2012 ss morphology pp
Su 2012 ss morphology pp
 
The silent way
The silent wayThe silent way
The silent way
 
Language teaching methodology
Language teaching methodologyLanguage teaching methodology
Language teaching methodology
 

Último

會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽中 央社
 
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptxMorse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptxjmorse8
 
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational ResourcesThe Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resourcesaileywriter
 
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...Mark Carrigan
 
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptxAn Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptxCeline George
 
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the lifephilosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the lifeNitinDeodare
 
Telling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdf
Telling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdfTelling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdf
Telling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdfTechSoup
 
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdfINU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdfbu07226
 
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online PresentationGDSCYCCE
 
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdffIATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff17thcssbs2
 
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdfVikramadityaRaj
 
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17Celine George
 
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPointOpen Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPointELaRue0
 
The basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matricesApplication of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matricesRased Khan
 

Último (20)

會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
 
“O BEIJO” EM ARTE .
“O BEIJO” EM ARTE                       .“O BEIJO” EM ARTE                       .
“O BEIJO” EM ARTE .
 
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p  - Dr. Abdulfatah A. SalemOperations Management - Book1.p  - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
Operations Management - Book1.p - Dr. Abdulfatah A. Salem
 
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptxMorse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
Morse OER Some Benefits and Challenges.pptx
 
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational ResourcesThe Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
 
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
 
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptxAn Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
An Overview of the Odoo 17 Discuss App.pptx
 
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the lifephilosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
 
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdf
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdfPost Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdf
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz - Finals.pdf
 
Telling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdf
Telling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdfTelling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdf
Telling Your Story_ Simple Steps to Build Your Nonprofit's Brand Webinar.pdf
 
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdfINU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
 
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
 
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdffIATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
 
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
 
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
 
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
 
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
 
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPointOpen Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
Open Educational Resources Primer PowerPoint
 
The basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 4pptx.pptx
 
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matricesApplication of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
Application of Matrices in real life. Presentation on application of matrices
 

Lexical approach Presentation

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3. In the lexical approach, instruction focuses on fixed expressions that occurfrequently in dialogues, The basic concept on which this approach rests is the idea that an important part of learning a language consists of being able to understand and produce lexical phrases as chunks. Students are thought to be able to perceive patterns of language (grammar) as well as have meaningful set uses of words at theirdisposal when they are taught in this way.
  • 4.
  • 6. single Words (pencil, watch) Polywords (by the way,anyway
  • 7. Trinomials: cool, calm, upside down Similes: as old as the hills. Convinced Connectives: finally, to
  • 8. Fixed Expressions Social greetings ( Good morning! It’s a lovely morning, isn’t it )
  • 9. Semi-fixed Expressions Minimal variation ( It’s / That’s not my fault) Idioms: shead crocodile tears,dead drunk, to run partnerships
  • 10. There are some combinations of words which co-occur naturally with greater than random frequency.
  • 11. Introduction of chunks – practice of chunks – accumulation of chunks, use of chunks and coolocations Teaching individual collocations Making students aware of collocattions Extanding what students already know by adding knowledge of collocation restrictions to know vocabulary Storing collocations through encouragin students to keep a lexical notebook
  • 12. It lacks full characterization of an approach lack of a detailed learning theory
  • 13. Deliberately draw attention to chunks, collocations, idioms, etc.. And invite learners to do the same Focus attention on identifying and using chunks Teach learners to be critically aware Teach the what good language learners do and how to do it It is lexically based theory of language It doesn’t have any certain learning theory Learning lexis is not an easy task, it is a slow and complex process which require a lot of dedication and effort from teachers and learnerS