Islam

A Brief History of Muhammad
Born in Mecca (Saudi Arabia): A.D. 570
Received first Revelation: A.D. 610
Fled from Mecca to Medina: A.D. 622
Followers grew in Medina A.D. 622-630
Took Mecca by Force: A.D. 630
Died: A.D. 632
Note: Islam spread as far as France by 732 where
Charles Martel defeated Islamic armies.

The Growth of Islam
• 1.2 Billion Muslims in the world
• 1/5 the world’s population
• Second largest in world
• Fastest growing religion
• Up to Seven million in the USA
• More Muslims than Methodists
• Within a generation or so, fifty-one
percent of all African Americans will be
Muslim

Basic Beliefs of Muslims
1. One God (Allah)
2. Prophets (Muhammad is the last)
3. Angels (good and bad)
4. The Qur’an is the Word of God (though
they reference the Law (Tawrat),
Psalms (Zabur), and Gospels (Injil)
which they believe have been corrupted
(tahrif))
5. Final day of judgment (heaven & hell)

Basic Practices of Muslims
1. Shahadah: To recite the creed: “There is
no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his
messenger”
2. Salat: To pray five times a day toward
Mecca
3. Sawm: To fast one month a year—ninth
lunar month of the year, Ramadan
4. Sakat: To give 1/40 of their income
5. Hajj: To make the pilgrimage once in their
lifetime to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia)

SUNNI SHI’ITE
1. Less than 20% of
Muslims
2. Muhammad’s
successor was his
cousin, Ali
3. Emphasize authority
of Imam (similar to
the Catholic Pope)
4. Believe religious
authorities should be
in political power
1. 80% of Muslims
2. Elect Muhammad’s
successor
3. Emphasize authority
of other written
traditions: the
Sunnah (conduct)
and Hadith (sayings)
4. Believe in
separation of
religious and civil
authorities

Many Basic Agreements
Between Christianity and Islam
1. One God
2. Creation
3. Revelation
4. Prophets
5. Miracles
6. Morals
7. Immortality

Many Positive Contributions
from Islam in:
1. Science
2. Mathematics
3. Medicine
4. Philosophy
5. Culture

ISLAM
GOD: absolute one
CHRISTIANITY
GOD: 3 persons in 1 essence
HUMANITY: sinful by nature
HUMANITY: good by nature
JESUS: major prophet
who performed miracles
but was not God
DEATH OF CHRIST: he
didn’t die
SALVATION: Work toward
salvation; good deeds
must outweigh bad ones
JESUS: second person of
eternal Trinity; added
humanity in the incarnation
DEATH OF CHRIST: died and
rose in same physical body
SALVATION: Free gift of
forgiveness and physical
resurrection via faith in
Christ’s atoning work
BIBLE: corrupted BIBLE: Word of God

Some Muslim
Misunderstandings of Christianity
1. Belief in Three Gods
2. Jesus resulted from a sexual
union between God and Mary
3. Jesus is God’s physical son
(walad vs. ibn)

Examining Muslim Claims
About Christianity
1. Trinity is illogical
2. The Bible is corrupted
3. Christ did not die on the cross
4. Christ did not rise from the dead

Bible is Not Corrupted
643
5686
750
1000
1000
1200
1400
7
10
20
8
7
200
1400
25
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pliny
Caesar
Tacitus
Plato
Herodotus
Demosthenes
Homer
New Testament
# Manuscript Copies Time Gap in Years

Who knows Jesus: The NT or the Qur’an?
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
C
r
o
s
s
N
T
W
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i
t
t
t
e
n
Q
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a
n
NT Copied & Quoted w/ 99%+ Accuracy
C
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p
l
e
t
e
N
T
W
h
o
l
e
B
o
o
k
s
M
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T
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a
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M
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s

Evidence Jesus Died
1. OT predicted his death
2. Jesus predicted his death and
resurrection
3. Nature of his wounds (whipping,
crucifixion and spear in side)
ensured death.
4. His mother, friends and closest
disciple witnessed his death.
5. Romans, who were professional
executioners, pronounced him dead.

Evidence Jesus Died
6. Pilate double-checked to make sure
Jesus was dead.
7. Jesus was wrapped in 75 lbs of cloth
and spices and buried for parts of
three days without food, water or
medical attention.
8. The Jews never denied the account
of Jesus being buried in the tomb of
Joseph of Arimathea (a member of
the Sanhedrin).

Evidence Jesus Died
9. Non-Christian writers from the first
and second centuries recorded the
death of Jesus (e.g. Josephus,
Tacitus, Thallus, Lucian, Phelgon,
The Jewish Talmud.)
10. In light of the historical evidence,
modern medical authorities have
verified his death.

JAMA March 21,1986, p. 1463
“Clearly, the weight of historical and medical
evidence indicates that Jesus was dead before
the wound to his side was inflicted and supports
the traditional view that the spear, thrust
between his right rib, probably perforated not
only the right lung but also the pericardium and
heart and thereby ensured his death.
Accordingly, interpretations based on the
assumption that Jesus did not die on the cross
appear to be at odds with modern medical
knowledge."

Evidence Jesus Rose
1. There is a permanently empty tomb.
2. The Jews admitted the tomb was empty
and no one could produce the body.
3. Jesus made 12 different physical
appearances over 40 days to over 500
people.
4. Many Jewish priests were converted
(Acts 6:7, cf. Acts 15:5).
5. Thousands of unbelievers were
converted (Acts 2:41).

Evidence Jesus Rose
6. Jesus’ unbelieving brother James was
converted.
7. Saul, an ardent opponent of
Christianity, was converted.
8. Scared, scattered, skeptical disciples
had every motive and inclination to say
Jesus was NOT raised. Yet they were
transformed and then tortured and
killed because they would not deny
they saw the resurrected Christ.

Some Areas of Concern
• Polygamy
• Treatment of Women
• Treatment of Ex-Muslims
• Treatment of Non-
Muslims (Holy War)

Polygamy
Followers are permitted four wives:
Sura 4:3 If you fear that you
cannot act equitably towards
orphans, then marry such women
as seem good to you, two and
three and four. . . .

Sura 33:50 O Prophet! We have made lawful to
thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their
dowers; and those whom thy right hand
possesses out of the prisoners of war whom
Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of
thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of
thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated
(from Makka) with thee; and any believing
woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if
the Prophet wishes to wed her-- this only for
thee, and not for the Believers (at large).
Muhammad could have more:

It’s OK to marry your
adopted son’s wife:
Sura 33:37 Then when Zaid
[Muhammad’s adopted son] had
dissolved (his marriage) with her, with
the necessary (formality), We joined her
in marriage to thee: in order that (in
future) there may be no difficulty to the
Believers in (the matter of) marriage with
the wives of their adopted sons . . . . And
Allah's command must be fulfilled.

Scourging of Wives
Sura 4:34 “Men are in charge of
woman because Allah hath made
the one to excel the other…. As for
those from whom ye fear rebellion,
admonish them and banish them
to beds apart, and scourge them.”

Majority in Hell are Women
Al Bukhari, Vol. 1, Bk. 6, 301 (Hadith) :
“Then he (Muhammad) passed by the
women and said, "O women, give alms
as I have seen that the majority of the
dwellers of Hell-fire were you
(women)." They asked, "Why is it so O
Allah's messenger?" He replied, "You
curse frequently and are ungrateful to
your husbands.…

Women are Deficient in
Intelligence
(Cont.) “I have not seen anyone more
deficient in intelligence and religion than
you....” The women asked, “O Allah's
messenger, what is deficient in our
intelligence and religion?” He said, “Is
not the evidence of two women equal to
the witness of one man?” They replied
in the affirmative. He said, “This is the
deficiency in her intelligence….”

Sura 4:89 They desire that you should
disbelieve as they have disbelieved, so
that you might be (all) alike; therefore
take not from among them friends until
they fly (their homes) in Allah's way;
but if they turn back, then seize them
and kill them wherever you find them,
and take not from among them a friend
or a helper.
The Qur’an Says Kill
those Who Leave Islam

Sura 4:88 What is the matter with you,
then, that you have become two parties
about the hypocrites, while Allah has
made them return (to unbelief) for what
they have earned? Do you wish to
guide him whom Allah has caused to
err? And whomsoever Allah causes to
err, you shall by no means find a way
for him.
Even though Allah
Causes them to Leave!

“The religion of "submission" continues
to advance, as a rule by force, in Africa in
part of Nigeria and Sudan, and in Asia,
notably in Indonesia, where non-Moslems
are given the choice of conversion or
death. And in all countries where Islamic
law is applied, converts, whether
compulsory or not, who revert to their
earlier faith, are punished by death.”
Paul Johnson, National Review 10/15/01
Ex-Muslims are Being Killed

Bin Laden said: “I
assure you, dear
brothers, that we are
firm on the road of
jihad for the sake of
God inspired by His
Prophet. . . .” (9/23/01)
Jihad:
What Does Islam Teach?

“Islam says: Kill all unbelievers…kill
them and put them to the sword and
scatter their armies.... Islam says
whatever good there is exists thanks
to the sword and the shadow of the
sword….There are hundreds of
Qur’anic Psalms and sayings of the
prophet Muhammad urging Muslims
to value war and to fight.”
Khomeini: Islam Says “Kill”

“Non-Muslims are our enemy
according to the Qur’an, so
Americans are our enemy. We hate
America. I believe in jihad. I will do
whatever I can do. If I am provided
the opportunity to get weapons, I
will use them.”
Shafia Salaam, 16, Afghan refugee
living in Pakistan (NYT, Oct 21, 2001)
Qur’an: Non-Muslims are our Enemy

"It's a big problem," [Saudi] Sheik Sadlaan said
of the zeal for jihad. "It will create problems for
the country and beyond.” But with Muslims seen
as under siege in so many places, he said, he
could not imagine the militancy ending any time
soon. "It's not just the Saudis," he said. "The
strong desire to help and defend and fight for the
Muslims — it's felt all over the Arab world.”
(NYT, Dec 27, 2001)
Zeal for Jihad is all over Muslim World

“The persecution or elimination of
non-Muslims has been a cornerstone
of Islamic conquests and rule for
centuries. The Qur’an provides ample
evidence that Islam encourages
violence in order to win converts and
to reach the ultimate goal of an Islamic
world. Conversions from Islam to any
other faith are often punishable by
death.”
Franklin Graham, WSJ, Dec. 3, 2001
Franklin Graham:
Qur’an encourages Violence

Like most religions, Islam has:
1. Conservative/Orthodox
2. Moderates/Liberals
3. Secularists/Nominal Muslims
Jihad:
Various Interpretations

Sura 5:32 On that account: We
ordained for the Children of Israel that
if any one slew a person - unless it be
for murder or for spreading mischief
in the land - it would be as if he slew
the whole people: and if any one
saved a life, it would be as if he saved
the life of the whole people. . . .
Life is Sacred

Sura 2:256 “There is no
compulsion in religion.”
No Compulsion in Religion

Sura 10:99-100 “If it had been thy
Lord's will, they would all have
believed-- all who are on earth! Wilt
thou then compel mankind, against
their will, to believe! No soul can
believe, except by the will of Allah,
and He will place doubt (or obscurity)
on those who will not understand.
Can’t Compel Belief

Sura 5:68 Say: "O People of the
Book! ye have no ground to stand
upon unless ye stand fast by the
Law, the Gospel, and all the
revelation that has come to you from
your Lord."
Jews & Christians: Obey the Bible

Sura 10:94 “But if you (Muhammad)
are in doubt as to what We (Allah)
have revealed to you, ask those who
read the Book before you; certainly
the truth has come to you from your
Lord, therefore you should not be of
the disputers.”
Muhammad: Consult Christians

On the Other Hand. . .
The Qur’an

Sura 8:12 When your Lord spoke
to the angels, “I will be with you:
therefore establish the faithful. I
will cast a dread into the hearts of
infidels.” Strike off their heads
then, and strike off from them
every finger-tip.
Strike off their heads

Sura 8:40 And fight with them until
there is no more persecution and
religion should be only for Allah;
but if they desist, then surely Allah
sees what they do.
Fight until all are Muslims

Sura 8:60 Against them make ready
your strength to the utmost of your
power, including steeds of war, to
strike terror into the hearts of the
enemies of Allah. Whatever you spend
in the cause of Allah shall be repaid to
you and you shall not be treated
unjustly.
Strike Terror

Sura 9:5 Then, when the sacred months
have passed, slay the idolaters wherever
ye find them, and take them (captive),
and besiege them, and prepare for them
each ambush. But if they repent and
establish worship and pay the poor-due,
then leave their way free. Lo! Allah is
Forgiving, Merciful.
Slay the Idolaters

Sura 9:29 Fight those who do not
believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor
do they prohibit what Allah and His
Apostle have prohibited, nor follow the
religion of truth, out of those who have
been given the Book, until they pay the
tax in acknowledgment of superiority
and they are in a state of subjection.
Make War against Unbelievers

Sura 9:30 And the Jews say: Ezra is
the son of Allah; and the Christians
say: The Messiah is the son of Allah;
these are the words of their mouths;
they imitate the saying of those who
disbelieved before; may Allah destroy
them; how they are turned away!
May Allah Destroy Christians & Jews

Sura 4:76 Those who believe fight
in the cause of Allah, and those who
reject Faith Fight in the cause of
Evil: So fight ye against the friends
of Satan: feeble indeed is the
cunning of Satan.
Disbelievers Fight for Satan

Sura 5:51 O you who believe! do not
take the Jews and the Christians for
friends; they are friends of each other;
and whoever amongst you takes them
for a friend, then surely he is one of
them; surely Allah does not guide the
unjust people.
Don’t Befriend Christians and Jews

Sura 2:216 Fighting is prescribed for
you, and you dislike it. But it is
possible that you dislike a thing which
is good for you, and that you love a
thing which is bad for you. But Allah
knows, and you know not.
Fighting is Good for You

Sura 61:4 “Truly Allah loves those
who fight in His Cause in battle
array, as if they were a solid
cemented structure.”
Allah Loves those Who Fight

Al Bukhari Vol. 1, Bk. 2, 25
(Hadith) Allah's Apostle was asked,
“What is the best deed?” He replied,
“To believe in Allah and His Apostle
(Muhammad). The questioner then
asked, “What is the next (in
goodness)?” He replied, “To
participate in Jihad in Allah's Cause.”
Jihad: The 2nd Best Deed

Sura 4:74 Therefore let those fight in
the way of Allah, who sell this world's
life for the hereafter; and whoever
fights in the way of Allah, then be he
slain or be he victorious, We shall
grant him a mighty reward.
Reward for Jihad

Al Bukhari Vol. 1, Bk. 2, 35 (Hadith) The
Prophet said, “The person who
participates in (Holy battles) in Allah's
cause and nothing compels him to do so
except belief in Allah and His Apostles,
will be recompensed by Allah either with
a reward, or booty (if he survives) or will
be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in
the battle as a martyr).”
Reward for Jihad

1. Moderate/Liberal: Jihad is internal spiritual
struggle, not external war with unbelievers
Problems with this view:
• Ignores clear passages commanding external
jihad (including “strike their heads off”).
• Ignores the example of Muhammad who
commanded and led external jihad himself.
• Ignores the history of Islam which conquered
by use of the sword.
Jihad:

• Condoned the beheading of approximately 700
Jewish male captives and sold the women and
children into slavery (noted in Sura 33:26; see
also Life of Muhammad p. 464).
• Ordered his followers to “Kill any Jew that falls
into your power.” (The Life of Muhammad, p. 369).
• Had killed: three slave girls who had made fun of
him; a mother of five as she nursed a child; and
numerous other non-threatening civilians (see Life
of Muhammad and www.answering-Islam.org).
WWMD: What Would Muhammad Do?
Muhammad:

2. Two Conservative views:
a) External Jihad is only for self-defense:
• Defined broadly as any injustice;
• Defined narrowly as life-threatening
b) Not merely self-defense. Later (newer)
verses abrogate previous verses.
Jihad:

Sura 2:106 “Whatever
communications We abrogate or
cause to be forgotten, We bring
one better than it or like it. Do
you not know that Allah has
power over all things?”
Qur’anic Teachings can be
Changed (Abrogation)

Sura 16:101 “When We
substitute one revelation for
another, and Allah knows best
what He reveals (in stages), they
say, ‘Thou art but a forger’: but
most of them understand not.”
Qur’anic Teachings can be
Changed (Abrogation)

All Jihad verses cited are from
later, Medinan verses and thus
abrogate the earlier, more
peaceful Meccan verses.
Note: Muhammad became more
militant after A.D. 622 as he
gained power in Medina.
The Bottom Line: Jihad
Abrogates Earlier Verses

They are not really commands
for religious tolerance. . . .
What about Later Suras that
Command Peace and Tolerance?

Sura 2:256 “There is no
compulsion in religion.”
Is This a Message of Tolerance?
This is not a message of religious
tolerance but an admission that
no one can be compelled to
become a true believer.

Sura 5:32 On that account: We ordained for
the Children of Israel that if any one slew a
person - unless it be for murder or for
spreading mischief in the land - it would be
as if he slew the whole people: and if any
one saved a life, it would be as if he saved
the life of the whole people. . . .
Context of “Life is Sacred” Verse is
Actually a Warning to Jews

Sura 5:33 “The punishment of those who
wage war against Allah and His Messenger,
and strive with might and main for mischief
through the land is: execution, or
crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and
feet from opposite sides, or exile from the
land: that is their disgrace in this world,
and a heavy punishment is theirs in the
Hereafter.”
The Next Verse. . .

The Execution of Islamic Law
A photographer records a public execution in Jeddah
from behind the bars of a window
http://www.kamaz.demon.co.uk/amnesty/briefing/8.html

If the Qur’an and Muhammad are the
standards for Islam, Bin Laden is orthodox!
Jihad:
1. The Qur’an commands it
2. Muhammad conducted it
3. Muslims, from the
beginning, have followed
the Qur’an and
Muhammad’s example

Consistent with Teachings
of the Qur’an (Sura 9:5)
Contrary to Teachings of the
New Testament (Mt. 26:52)
Contrary to Example of Jesus
Christ
Consistent with Example
of Muhammad
Logical Outworking of
Islam
Illogical Outworking of
Christianity
Christianity grew by use of
the sword on it
Islam grew by use of
the sword on others
Use of the Sword
JIHAD CRUSADES

On Innocent On Guilty
An act of God
An act of Man
For Beliefs
On all Unbelievers
For Actions
As a Last Resort
As a First Resort
On some Unbelievers
Commands to Kill
God who gives life can take it
QUR’AN OLD TESTAMENT
At any Time At a Specific Time
For Redeeming Everyone
For Redeeming No One
Confirmed by God
Not Confirmed by God

1. The evidence for Muhammad’s
existence and political/military
achievements is sound
2. Since the Qur’an was
standardized, it has been well
preserved to this day
Evidence for Islam

1. No verifiable miraculous
confirmation of the Qur’an or
Muhammad (cf. NT)
2. Miracles in Hadith are legendary
(150+ years later)
Evidence Against Islam

Sura 29:50-51 And they say: Why are not
signs sent down upon him from his Lord?
Say: The signs are only with Allah, and I am
only a plain warner. Is it not enough for
them that We have revealed to you the
Book which is recited to them? Most surely
there is mercy in this and a reminder for a
people who believe.
Qur’an is Muhammad’s “Sign”

3. Contradicts Bible which has ver-
ifiable miraculous confirmation
4. Contradicts itself:
A.World was created in 6 days
(Sura 7:54); World was created
in 8 days (41:9-12)

B.Consult with people of the
Book (10:94); Fight those who
believe not (9:29)
C.Can’t change God’s words
(10:64); Abrogate previous
revelations (2:106)

5. Contradicts science:
A.Human beings are formed from
a clot of blood (23:14)
B.Sun sets in a muddy spring
(18:86)

6. Muhammad was unsure of the
source of his revelation (first
believed source was an evil spirit)
7. Qur’an has no specific, long-range
predictive prophecy (as the Bible
has).

8. Some say Muhammad first allowed
idolatry early in his prophetic career
but changed those verses later after
blaming Satan for slipping them in
(i.e. “The Satanic verses” 53:21-23).
Some also say he allowed scribes to
alter verses.

9. Moral problems in Islam:
A.Polygamy (four wives, 4:3;
more for Muhammad 33:50)
B.Beat your wife if she is sus-
pected of “ill conduct” (4:34)
C.Kill Ex-Muslims (4:88)
D.Fight and slay pagans (9:5)

10. Muslim God is changeable and
therefore cannot be the ultimate
basis of love, perfection, truth,
goodness or justice.

An Independent Standard for Measurement
The moment you say that
one set of moral ideas can
be better than another, you
are, in fact, measuring
them both by a standard,
saying that one of them
conforms to that standard
more nearly than the other.
But the standard that
measures two things is
something different from
either.
C.S. Lewis
Mere Christianity, p 25.

The Call of Muhammad
“Stricken with panic, Muhammad
arose and asked himself, ‘What did
I see? Did possession of the Devil
which I feared all along come to
pass?’…He feared the cave might
be haunted.”
(Muslim biographer, M. H. Haykal, The Life of
Muhammad, 74)

“Muhammad had not moved from
his spot when revelation came to
him accompanied by the usual
convulsions…. Muhammad
recovered, he sat up and began to
wipe his forehead where beads of
perspiration had gathered.”
(Haykal, 337)

“As she did on earlier occasions when
Muhammad feared possession by the
devil, so now stood firm by her husband
and devoid of the slightest doubt…she
said to him, ‘Joy to my cousin! Be firm.
By him who dominated Khadijah’s soul I
pray and hope that you will be the
Prophet of this nation.’” (Haykal, 75)

Jesus Declared:
“Do not resist an evil person.
But whoever slaps you on
your right cheek, turn the
other to him also.” (Mt. 5:39)

This regards insults to
individuals; not danger
to individuals or states.

Luke 22:36 Jesus said to them, “But
now if you have a purse, take it, and
also a bag; and if you don’t have a
sword, sell your cloak and buy one.”
Individuals: Self Defense
Note: The sword can be used in self defense
to protect civil rights, but not to promote
religious beliefs (cf. Mt. 26:52).

Rom 13:4 “For he is God’s servant to
do you good. But if you do wrong, be
afraid, for he does not bear the
sword for nothing. He is God’s
servant, an agent of wrath to bring
punishment on the wrongdoer.”
What about the State?

1. God gave the sword to gov’t (Gen 9:6, Rom 13).
2. Prior to the OT Law, Abraham’s use of force
against aggression is justified (Gen 14).
3. Killing in self defense is justified (Ex. 22:2).
4. OT military heroes are praised in NT (Heb 11).
5. No police or military would mean anarchy and a
reign of evil on the innocent (Rom 13).
6. Failing to protect the innocent is a sin (Js. 4:17).
7. Jesus, John the Baptist, Peter and Paul never
suggest soldiers should resign after salvation.
8. Paul accepts military protection.
The State: Protect the Innocent
Total Pacifism is Unbiblical

Objection: If you can’t understand Arabic, you
should not criticize the Qur’an.
Response:
• Language isn’t the issue, truth is (the same
truth can be expressed in different
languages).
• By the same logic, if you don’t understand
Hebrew and Greek, you shouldn’t criticize the
Bible.
• Many Muslims don’t understand Arabic
(largest Muslim country speaks Indonesian).
• If the Qur’an is defended in English, then why
can’t it be critiqued in English?

Most Islamic States
1. The elimination of religious
freedom
2. The expulsion of missionaries
3. The exclusion of Bibles
4. The execution of Christians
5. The extinction of Israel

“If it is a true religion, it must take up
the sword and advance. To what point
should it advance? To the point that
they either submit and say, "We are
Muslims," in which case they become
your brothers, or they say, "We will
retain our own religion and will carry
on our own way of worship; but we will
follow the public law of Islam."
http://www.al-islam.org/beliefs/philosophy/jihadandshahadat.html
From a Muslim Website
Condemning the 9-11 Attacks

MUHAMMAD
Not Virgin Born
JESUS
Virgin Born
Not Messiah
Not Word of God
Called Messiah
Did Miracles
No Miracles
Called Word of God
Body in Grave Body in Heaven
ACCORDING TO QUR’AN

MUHAMMAD
Not Virgin Born
JESUS
Virgin Born
Sinless
Sinful
Overcome by Death
Use of Sword
Overcame Death*
Did Miracles
No Miracles
Forbid Sword
Retaliated on Enemies Forgave Enemies
A STRONG CONTRAST
Motivation by Fear Motivation by Love
*Only one clearly rejected by most Muslims

Islam

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