water scarcity

1. BY-PRIYAJIT SAMAL

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The other name of life is WATER. Every life form
needs water for its existence.
About ¾th of our Earth is covered with
water, but only 3% is available as fresh water,
among which more than 75% is locked as
icecaps and ice sheets in polar region.
The main source of terrestrial fresh water is
1.Ground water
2. Surface water

3. Supply of Water ResourcesSupply of Water Resources
Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater
Biota
0.0001%
Rivers
0.0001%
Atmospheric
water vapor
0.0001%
Lakes
0.0007%
Soil
moisture
0.0005%
Groundwater
0.592%
Ice caps
and glaciers
0.592%
0.014%

4. GROUND WATERGROUND WATER
• All the water occurring below the earth
surface is called under ground water.
Sources of ground water
• 1. Meteoric water
• 2. Condensational water
• 3. Connate water (Fossil water)
• 4. Juvenile water (Virgin water)
• 5. Mixed source water

5. Zones of Ground waterZones of Ground water
• The sub surface occurrence of ground
water is divided in to two zones
1. Zone of Aeration
2. Zone of Saturation
Water table separates
these two zones.

6. Ground water as a source of freshGround water as a source of fresh
waterwater
• Under ground water percolates slowly through
sub surface rocks filling their pore spaces and
form most important sources of fresh water.
• AQUIFER- Porous and Permeable rock
formations that stores water and transmits to a
pumping well.
• AQUICLUDE- Porous but not permeable.
• AQUIFUSE-Neither porous nor permeable.

7. AQUIFERSAQUIFERS
Two types;
1.Unconfined
2.Confined
CONFINED AQUIFER- A confined aquifer
is that in which aquifuses or aquicluces lie
both above and below it. In this case water
flows under pressure.
UNCONFINED AQUIFER- Water lies
under normal atm Pressure.

8. Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
Infiltration
Water tableInfiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowing
artesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
Confined
Recharge Area
Aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay
Confirming permeable rock layer
Ground WaterGround Water

9. GROUND WATER PROVENCEGROUND WATER PROVENCE
OF INDIAOF INDIA
• In India 3 parts of area is covered by crystallined
and consolidated rocks and other one part is
covered by semi-consolidated and
unconsolidated rocks.
• A filtration of potential areas of ground water in
India are follows;
• HIMALAYAN REGION- The aquifers are
Granites , sandstones, conglomerates,
limestone, quartzite, Gneisses and Schists.
Due to tectonic disturbances they form
numerous springs.

10. • INDO GANGETIC PLANES- The aquifer
are coarse sands, gravels and boulders.
Their Thickness is 3-60 meters and it is
the largest reservoir of fresh water in
country with TDS<400 ppm.
 RAJASTHAN , GUJURAT AND KUTCH
AREA- Sandstones of Mesozoic
formations form moderate aquifers.
Water is generally brackish and saline
with TDS between 1000 to 5000 ppm.

11. • Quaternary alluvium of Narmada, Son,
Tapti, Mahanadi and Godavari river- Major
water bearing horizons of Madhya
Pradesh, Chhatisghah, Odisha are formed
of these river alluvium.
• Gondwana sandstones also form some
majar aquifers in these regions.
• The other remaining portions of central
India, and Odisha are made up of pre-
cambrian rocks that form very low grade
aquifers.

12. • SOUTH INDIA- The South Indian states
are mainly made up of Precambrian
crystalline metamorphic Schist and
Gneisses, which forms very low grade
aquifers.
• DECCAN PLATEAU- Areas such as
Maharastra, Mumbai, parts of MP and
Gujarat are made up of basalts, which
forms very low grade aquifers.
• But areas where the basalt is thin,
vesicular and traversed by numerous
columnar joints, produce good aquifers.

13. ACUTE WATER SHORTAGEACUTE WATER SHORTAGE
• occur when the demand for water exceeds
the available amount during a certain period
or when poor quality restricts its use. If this
problem continues for prolonged period, it
forms WATER SCARCITY.
• This problem is growing world wide and we
must take necessary steps as soon as possible
to minimize water scarcity.

14. CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITYCAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
POPULATION GROWTH
WATER POLLUTION
WATER MISUSE
LOW RAINFALL
DECRESE IN RECHARGE AREA

15. POPULATION
INCREASE
• Increase of population demands
more and more water but the
supply is limited.

16. WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
• Any chemical, biological and physical
change in water quality that has a harmful
effect on living organisms or makes it
unhealthy for use.
• All the pollutants according to their
sources could be classified in to two
groups;
1.Point sources
2.Non point sources

17. SourcesSources
• Nonpoint: can’t be traced to any single site of
discharge
–Acid deposit, runoff of chemicals, pesticides,
fertilizer/manure,agricultural waste e.t.c.
• Point source: discharge at specific locations
–Factories, sewage treatment, mines, oil
tankers
–Easy to identify, monitor and regulate.

18. Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT
SOURCES
• NON POINT
SOURCES

19. • Pollu
PollutionPollution

20. Water misuse

21. DECRESE IN RECHARGE AREADECRESE IN RECHARGE AREA
• Now a days, building of more and
more concrete structures such as
roads and buildings effectively
reduces the area available for ground
water recharge.
• This problem is going to increase in
future with more and more
urbanization.

22. ©IWMI, 2001
• The threshold for ‘water stress’ is a per capita availability of 1700m3
of water for annual consumption
• For water scarcity the threshold is 1000m3
of water for annual
consumption

23. PREVNENTION OF WATERPREVNENTION OF WATER
SCARCITYSCARCITY
• We can prevent water scarcity by taking
necessary steps to prevent its causes.
• Thus water scarcity could be reduced by
1.Controling Population growth
2.Cheeking water Pollutions
3.Ruducing water misuse
4.Incresing recharge area
5. Harvesting rain water

24. Controlling water pollutionControlling water pollution
• Proper disposal of domestic wastes, do not
throw in to water bodies.
• Proper swage treatment.
• Proper treatment of industrial waste to make it
toxic free before channeling to water bodies.
• Do not throw polythene and plastic waste in to
water.
• Do not use chemical insecticides, pesticides,
and fertilizers but use green manure and
herbicides in agricultural lands.

25. Increasing recharge areaIncreasing recharge area
• Minimize impervious surface on your area.
• Line impervious surface with gravel
trenches.
• Replace your lawn area with native plants
such as shrubs and wild flower plants.
• Create a rain garden.
• Reduce slope on your yard.
• CHEAKING MISUSE-Turn off the tap
when water is not required.

26. Rain Water Harvesting refers to collection
and storage of rainwater and also other
activity such as harvesting surface water and
recharging ground water.
It replenishes ground water table and enables
our dug wells and bore wells to yeild in a
sustained manner.
It helps in the availability of clean water by
reducing the salinity and presence of iron
salt.
RAIN WATER HARVESTINGRAIN WATER HARVESTING

27. METHODSMETHODS
CHECK DAMS
RAINWATER HARVESTING FROM
ROOFTOP CATCHMENTS
SUBSURFACE DAMS

28. SUBSURFACE DAMSSUBSURFACE DAMS

29. CHECK DAMSCHECK DAMS

30. ROOF TOP HARVESTINGROOF TOP HARVESTING

31. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
• WATER SCARCITY is one of the most
severe problem, mankind is going to face
tomorrow.
So for the well being of ourselves and
our future generations we must take
necessary steps as soon as possible to
prevent water scarcity.

32. The LivingThe Living
MachineMachine
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