This is set of infographics based on the report content (NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES FRAMEWORK STUDY ) for widespread sharing and dissemination. This report was researched and prepared by CEEW, Delhi

1. NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES FRAMEWORK STUDY

2. Core Team
Senior Policy Adviser & Project Coordinator:
Senior International Water Resources & Irrigation Specialist:
Senior National Water Resources & Irrigation Specialist:
Senior International Water Supply & Regulation Specialist:
Senior National Water Supply & Regulation Specialist:
Arunabha Ghosh
Martin Anthony Burton
Rahul Sen
Simon Gordon-Walker
Anand K. Jalakam
Copyright © 2011 Council on Energy, Environment and Water
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission.
A report on a national water resources framework study for the Planning Commission, Government of India.
This document is a summary presentation of a report prepared by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water with a
research team comprising independent experts. The report was commissioned on the request of the Planning Commission
of India to the 2030 Water Resources Group, via the International Finance Corporation.
The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Council on Energy, Environment and Water or of the 2030 Water Resources Group.
The Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) is an independent, not-for-profit, policy research institution. CEEW
works to promote dialogue and common understanding on energy, environment and water issues in India, its region and
the wider world, through high quality research, partnerships with public and private institutions, and engagement with and
outreach to the wider public. For more information, visit http://www.ceew.in.

3. India’s Usable Supply of Water
1

4. 1.
India’s Usable Supply of Water
Vs
Projected Demand (2030)
2

5. 2.
Business-as-Usual Demand Projections
Sectoral shift in water demand (in BCM)
3

6. Two premises underlie the need for a sustainable water future
1.
2.
4
India’s usable supply of water by 2030 could fall short of
projected demand by 50%
Sectoral shift in water demand will add to the stress on
available water resources

7. Overview
Government asked + Team investigated
5
Insights + Recommendations
NWR Framework

8. Overview
Government asked + Team investigated
•What works
53 Questions
•Experiences
Insights + Recommendations
•Diagnosis
•Data
•Interconnections
NWR Framework
Study
6
•Policy & Regulation
•Management
•Service Delivery
•Complementary
Interventions
Roadmaps for
Reforms

9. NWRF Study
Planners &
Policymakers
7
can use
NWRF Study
to manage
Water
Resources
Sustainably &
Equitably

10. NWRF Study
Planners &
Policymakers
can use
State
National
International
NWRF Study
to manage
Water
Resources
a
comprehensive
study
across
IRRIGATION
8
URBAN & INDUSTRIAL
WRM
INSTITUTIONAL
Sustainably &
Equitably

11. NWRFS Focus Areas
9

12. NWRFS Focus Areas
Silos?
10

13. NWRFS Focus Areas
Sectoral Use & Demand
11
Law, Regulation & Management

14. NWRFS Focus Areas
Sectoral Use & Demand
Water Utility
Performance
Law, Regulation, & Management
What should be functions of
regulators?
Effective Public Private
Partnerships
Addressing
intersectoral demand
Improving farmer
participation and
service delivery
Implementing Effective
regulation
Energy -Water Nexus
12

15. Case Studies: International
United Kingdom Poland
Austria
Kyrgyzstan
China
Spain
France
Germany
Mexico
Italy
Chile
USA
13
Argentina
Egypt
Turkey
Australia

16. Case Studies: India
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Karnataka
14
Orissa
Chattisgarh
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu

17. Study Outcomes
1.
Evidentiary
basis for proposing
reforms
2.
Case Studies
4.
Recommendations
for 12th FYP
15
3.
Answers
relevant to
policymakers
5.
Roadmaps for
long term
reforms

18. NWRFS Focus Areas Discussion
16

19. Irrigation
1. Re-engaging with
Participatory Irrigation
Management (PIM)
2. Reforming Management in
the Irrigation and Drainage
(I&D) Sector
3. Performance Management
in the I&D Sector
17

20. History: Participatory Irrigation Management in India
18

21. “At the heart of the reform agenda is irrigation management transfer to farmers. As
found in countries such as Mexico, Turkey, Chile, and Australia, etc. farmers
can better manage and maintain systems than government, and have the
direct incentive to do so.....”
- Report on the Irrigation Sector (World Bank, 1998)
19

22. WUAs in India
Functions
• Implementing O&M
• Crop planning, crop water budgeting &
raising irrigation water demand
• Implementing water distribution
• Support in estimating and collecting water
charges
20
No. of Water User
Associations (WUAs) per
1000 Ha

23. Re-engaging with PIM
Key Issues
Recommendations
• ID currently focused on construction rather than
MOM (management, operation and maintenance)
Short term (12th FYP)
• ID staffed with civil engineers rather than water
management engineers.
• Lack of understanding/ interest in water users and
irrigated agriculture.
• Very poor standard of training and HRD in ID.
• Gain acceptance at all levels in ID/WRD for PIM
• Establish WUA Support Units at field level
• Provide continuous training and support for
WUAs
• Change WUA laws to allow for WUA charter, fee
setting and collection, etc
• Change water tax to a service fee collected by
WUAs
Long Term (10 – 20 Yrs)
• Maintain support to WUAs over 10-15 year
transition period until fully institutionalized
21

24. Andhra Pradesh
1984
Andhra Pradesh Pipe Committees formed under
AP Irrigation and Command Area Development
Act.
These Committees prove unsustainable once the CAD
programme had withdrawn from the scheme.
1997
AP Government took a policy decision to promote
and support PIM and enacted the AP Farmer‘s
Management of Irrigation Systems (APFMIS) Act.
22
Lessons for WUAs
1. Have proper legal status
2. Have a proper legal entitlement to water
3. Make WUAs accountable (to the ID) for
the water used and area irrigated
4. Investment of time and resources is
required in the short term to build WUA
capacity
5. To succeed, water users (through WUAs)
need to be given more responsibility
with associated rights (such as being
able to set, collect and utilise
service fees independent of the
ID)

25. AP - PIM
AP PIM PROCESS
• Meso-level management model
• Participatory Self Assessment (PSA) by WUAs
• Participatory Action Planning (PAP) to review performance,
annual planning and implementation
• Maintenance through 100% tax re-plough + additional
budgetary support
• Project level water scheduling plan
• Kharif planning by farmer organisation and engineers to save
about water (20TMC in 2010)
• Synchronising crop sowing to reduce water release
23

26. AP - PIM
Capacity Building
WUOs
Strategy for sustainability | FTCs at circle level |
Professional Training Coordinators | Exposure visits
Irrigation Engineers
Management Development Programme | Technical
programme including PIM | Exposure visits to farmer
managed system
Participatory Self-Assessment (PSA) Indicators
Administration
Sustainability
General Body Meeting
Water Use Efficiency
O&M Works
Managing Committee
Meeting
Tail end Issues
Area Under Second Crop
Maintenance of Records
Water Release Schedule
Tax Collection
Resolving Conflicts
Warabandi Implementation
Joint Azmoish
Transparency
24
Water Management
Innovations in Water
Management
Additional Resource
Mobilisation

27. AP - Enhancing irrigated agriculture productivity
Increase in productivity - 15 to 20 %
Cost reduction - Rs.1500/- to 2500/on inputs - KC Canal / Krishna Delta
Crop diversification to maize in Rabi Higher C/B ratio & duty
Zero tillage in maize - Cost reduction
Rs.2000/- per acre - Krishna Delta
System / SRSP
Rotational irrigation in paddy Higher productivity & duty
Farmer Field Schools
25

28. AP - Financial Sustainability
26

29. Reforming Management in I&D
Budget allocation to I&D (%) has decreased overtime
28

30. Little Irrigation Potential Remains
(data for selected states, 2001)
Ultimate Irrigation Potential vs. Potential Created vs. Potential Utilised
29
Source: Planning Commission; Central Water Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India;
NWRF Study Working Paper 3, Table 7 , Page 154

31. Managing Groundwater for Irrigation
Significant growth in ground water pumping
1951 – 2009
Agricultural electric pump sets increased from 26,000 to 16.2 million
Agricultural diesel pump sets from 83,000 to 9.2 million
No. of pumps (in Thousands)
30000
25000
9,200
20000
Diesel Pumps
15000
Electric Pumps
4,659
10000
16,184
5000
83
3,101
230
0
26
160
1,546
1,618
1951
1961
1972
1982
9,696
8,446
1991
2003
3,568
Years
30
7,237
2009

32. Managing Groundwater for Irrigation
Vicious circle of energy-ground water circle
Power Utilities
•
•
•
Financial losses due to low
agricultural flat tariff
Poor voltage and frequency
power supply
Huge T&D losses due to power
theft & unauthorised pump sets
On farm
•
31
Water overuse to hedge against
poor voltage and infrequent
power supply

33. Managing Groundwater for Irrigation
Agricultural Power Consumption Subsidy
10%
of Total cost of supply
240 Billion / yr
25% of India’s fiscal deficit
Rs
32

34. Managing Groundwater for Irrigation
Technical Options
HVDS conversion in
AP
Regulate power
supply to agriculture
Restricts power theft
Continuous and quality
power supply
33
Agri Feeder
HVDS Conversion
Reduces T&D losses
BEE certified
high efficiency
pumps
Potentially save 30%
power
Effect
Agri Feeder
Separation
Pilots in AP
Option
Jyotirgram Scheme,
Gujarat
Cases
MP and Gujarat : 20-40%
power saving
Gaothan Scheme,
Maharashtra

35. Managing Groundwater for Irrigation
Comprehensive Agriculture-Demand Side Management
Strategy
• Separation of Feeders and
conversion to HVDS
• Rational flat tariff strategy
• Replacement of pumps. Improving
pumping system efficiency &
management
• Participatory Groundwater
Management (PGM)
• Agriculture Extension and
Marketing Services (AES)
• Improving Water Application
Efficiency – micro irrigation &
agronomic practices
34

36. Managing Groundwater for Irrigation
Ag-DSM Comprehensive Model - Process
Legend
35

37. Widening performance gaps in irrigation
36

38. Issues
Large
no. of small landholdings
Low
Solutions
• Need better understanding within ID
of on-farm water management to
match supply and demand
Irrigation
Issues
On farm
Service delivery
crop yields
• Allocate annual and seasonal
volumetric water entitlements
water use productivity
• Form effective WUAs with O&M staff
Inadequate
water distribution organisation
planning for conjunctive use of SW & GW
uptake of modern technologies
• Allow, plan and manage for conjunctive
use
• Increase availability and uptake of
modern technologies and improvements
(drip irrigation, land levelling, SRI, etc.)
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
HR development
Education and Training
Management, Policy &
Processes
37

39. Issues
Top-down approach by ID
Lack of service delivery agreements
between ID and WUAs
Solutions
• Create service delivery culture in the ID
• Have service delivery agreements between ID
Irrigation
Issues
On farm
and WUAs
• Link service fees paid to service delivered on
individual schemes
• Partnership of WUAs and ID for enhanced
agricultural production and productivity of water
on individual schemes
Service delivery
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
HR development
Education and Training
Management, Policy &
Processes
Current payment and service delivery arrangements
Ideal service delivery relationships
38

40. Lost Productive Potential Due to Poor O&M
Irrigation
Issues
On farm
Service delivery
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
HR development
Education and Training
Management, Policy &
Processes
39

41. Issues
Solutions
Operation ( Main System)
•
Inadequate
• assessment of individual scheme performance.
•
• use of modern technology for water
•
management.
• discharge measurement in irrigation systems.
• on-farm knowledge amongst ID staff of crop and •
•
irrigation water management.
• conjunctive use of SW & GW
•
Look at system for covering costs of recharging GW
from SW
Modernise system operation (use RS, GIS, MIS, etc.)
Introduce performance management for individual
schemes
Introduce water audits, assess costs of poor O&M
Significantly improve ability to measure, record and
utilise discharge data
Allow, plan and manage for conjunctive use
Maintenance (Main System)
Lack of
• funds for maintenance
• transparency and accountability
No Links
• between maintenance needs and water
•
40
charges
between water charges collected and
maintenance work carried out on individual
systems
Irrigation
Issues
On farm
Service delivery
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
•
•
•
Use (participative) AMP to identify
maintenance, operation and management
costs
Link maintenance expenditure on a system to
service fees collected
Quantify costs of failing to properly maintain
I&D systems
HR development
Education and Training
Management, Policy &
Processes

42. Need for comprehensive asset management
Irrigation
plan
Issues
On farm
Asset Surveys
Create Asset Database
Performance Surveys
Identify Current Standards and
Levels of Service
Liaise with Water Users on Level
of Service Provision
Specify and agree Standards and
Level of Service targets
Service delivery
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Formulate Asset Management
Plan
Assess Water User’s Ability to
Pay
Finance
HR development
Maintain Asset Database
Implement Asset Management
Plan
Education and Training
Management, Policy &
Processes
Monitor Implementation of Asset
Management Plan
41
Monitor Level of Service
Requirement and Provision

43. Issues
Fund Allocation
top-down
inadequate for system MOM
Out-dated
approach to assessment and collection of water
charges (labour intensive)
No link
water charge and service provided
Solutions
Irrigation
Issues
• Convert the water tax to a service fee
On farm
• Use AMP to make assessments of MOM costs and fees
required at (i) on-farm level, (ii) main system level
Service delivery
• Reduce water tax/service fee transaction costs by
allowing WUAs to collect the fee
• Look to increase the contribution of water users to
system MOM by allowing WUAs to set, collect and utilise
service fee, retaining on-farm portion and passing main
system portion to ID
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
HR development
Education and Training
Management, Policy &
Processes
42

44. Issues
HR management is relatively
weak:
Solutions
Improve HR management by
modernising:
• lack of timely promotion of the more capable
staff
• promotion system to encourage more able staff
• inadequate training in system operation and
maintenance
• recruit professionally trained HR personnel
• training provided (remote sensing, GIS, MIS, computer
scheduling, etc.)
Irrigation
Issues
On farm
Service delivery
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
HR development
Education and Training
Management, Policy &
Processes
43

45. Issues
Current implementation of WALMIs poor:
•
Solutions
Improve the quality of WALMIs:
•
inadequate number of experienced and skilled
trainers
•
greater support from senior ID
management (including more funds)
dramatically change staff appointment
system
upgrade trainers’ knowledge and skills
•
inappropriate/non-experienced staff
transferred to WALMIs
•
lack of adequate funds
•
Support ID staff in attending postgraduate
courses
•
relatively few trained irrigation/water
management professionals within the ID
•
Create associated positions to allow staff to
apply new knowledge
•
Irrigation
Issues
On farm
Service delivery
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
HR development
Education and
Training
Management, Policy &
Processes
44

46. Solutions
Issues
•
•
•
•
•
Focused on construction rather than management
Few professionals other than civil engineers
Top-down attitude to water users
Lack of focus on overall scheme performance and outputs
Staff are often transferred after 3 years, insufficient time for
working knowledge
Change
•
•
•
Step Changes in Management Effort
culture of ID from construction to
MOM focus
charter of ID to allow
employment of a wider range of
professionals
attitude of ID personnel from
seeing farmers as “beneficiaries”
to seeing them as customers
Develop
•
•
an ethos of service delivery
culture of performance based
management (adopt
benchmarking, as in
Maharashtra)
Encourage
•
45
early promotion of younger and
more able staff
Irrigation
Issues
On farm
Service delivery
Operation ( Main
System)
Maintenance (Main
System)
Finance
HR development
Education and Training
Management, Policy
& Processes

47. Complementary Interventions
Reengaging with PIM:
•
•
•
•
From construction focus to a MOM focus
Focus on service delivery and performance management
Change of attitude by ID staff to water users and PIM concept
Farmer field schools to enhance irrigated agriculture productivity
Reforming I&D and Performance Management in I&D:
• Change of culture within ID and farming community to paying by volume delivered.
• Development of a service delivery and performance management culture with the ID
• Acceptance by state politicians and senior ID managers of the role for
management initiatives to increase agricultural production and water use productivity
46

48. Water Resource Management (WRM)
1.
2.
Water Resources Management
3.
Role of the Water Regulator in WRM
4.
47
Managing Ground Water for Multiple
Uses
Perspectives on Legal Frameworks
for WRM

49. Ground water stress and overdraft
All figures in BCM
48

50. GW stress across sectors will increase
Domestic & Industrial Demand Projection Across States
All figures in BCM
49

51. WRM
Ground Water Rights
• Under Indian common law there is no property in ground water until it has been the object
of an ‘appropriation’ - by being pumped from a bore hole
• Transfer of Property Act IV, 1882 and the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 - Right to ground
water use is tied to land ownership
• Indian Easement Act, 1882, establishes limited links between ground water ownership and
land ownership
“The right of every owner of land to collect and dispose within his own limits of all water
under the land which does not pass in a defined channel and all water on its surface which
does not pass in a defined channel.”
50
Legal Frameworks
•
•
•
•
Ground water Rights
Public Trust Doctrine
GW Regulation
CGWA
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
Role of Water
Regulators

52. Public Trust Doctrine for Natural Resources WRM
Supreme Court in M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath guides the legal framework governing
water resources
“Our Indian legal system, which is based on English common law, includes the
public trust doctrine as part of its jurisprudence. The State is the trustee of all
natural resources, which are by nature meant for public use and enjoyment.
Public at large is the beneficiary of the seashore, running waters, airs, forests
and ecologically fragile lands. The State as a trustee is under a legal duty to
protect the natural resources. These resources meant for public use cannot be
converted into private ownership. … Thus, the Public Trust doctrine is a part of
the law of the land”
The applicability of PTD to groundwater, however, remains unclear due to the two
contrary orders pronounced by the Kerala High Court.
Perumattty Gram Panchayat vs. State of Kerala (2003)
Hindustan Coca Cola Beverages (P) Ltd vs. Perumatty Gram Panchayat (2005
51
Legal Frameworks
•
•
•
•
Ground water Rights
Public Trust Doctrine
GW Regulation
CGWA
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
Role of Water
Regulators

53. WRM
Ground Water Regulation
•
•
Authority can declare any area to be a ‘notified area’ if control, regulation, extraction and use of
GW is deemed necessary
•
Anyone (except small and marginal farmers) wishing to sink a well for any purpose within the
notified area must obtain a permit from the authority
•
GW users in the State need a Certificate of Registration recognising its existing use and
authorising the continued use of GW
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
•
Authority could take steps to ensure that exploitation of GW resources does not exceed the
natural replenishment to the aquifers
Water Resources
Management
•
52
State governments have power to restrict construction of groundwater abstraction
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal enacted ground
water (regulation) legislation
Legal Frameworks
•
•
•
•
GW Rights
Public Trust Doctrine
GW Regulation
CGWA
Role of Water
Regulators

54. WRM
Ground Water Regulation - CGWA
• Central Ground Water Authority constituted under sub-section (3) of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• Areas of activity
• Notification of areas for regulation of GW development
• Regulation of GW abstraction by industries
• Registration of drilling agencies for assessment of pace of development of GW and
regulation of well drilling activities
• Representation in the National Coastal Zone Management Authority and other Expert
Committees of Ministry of Environment & Forests
• Undertaking country-wide mass awareness programmes and training in rain water
harvesting for ground recharge
“The problem is not in enactment but in enforcement.”
53
Legal Frameworks
•
•
•
•
GW Rights
Public Trust Doctrine
GW Regulation
CGWA
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
Role of Water
Regulators

55. Managing Ground Water: Regional Problem? WRM
Legal Frameworks
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
• Supply side
management
• Demand side
management
Water Resources
Management
Role of Water
Regulators
State of Ground Water in India
54

56. Supply Side Management
WRM
• More enthusiasm towards augmenting supply of GW resources than
containing demand is seen
Legal Frameworks
• Harvesting rainfall & tanks, dug wells, streams and canals use for GW
recharge is becoming increasingly common
• Watershed Development programme
Watershed development undertaken by various ministries (in million ha)
by GoI for GW recharge:
0.07
•
18
•
Rs 17035 crore spent on covering
45.4 Mn Ha. cumulatively
Rs 36,000 crore for 36 Mn Ha.
proposed in 11th FYP
28
Ministry of Agriculture ( Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
Ministry of Rural Development ( Department of Land resources)
Ministry of Environment & Forests
55
Source: WP5, Table 9, here you can find
the FYP for Rs.17035 crore also
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
• Supply side
management
• Demand side
management
Water Resources
Management
Role of Water
Regulators
No hard evidence of significant and
sustained improvement in GW status at
sub-basin level

57. Demand Side Management –
WRM
Participatory Groundwater Management
Legal Frameworks
Increase in
ground water
pumping
7%
Intermittent
decrease in
ground water
pumping
51%
•
•
Decrease in
ground water
pumping
42%
•
APFAMGS Project: 650 villages, 62
hydrological units, 7 drought prone
districts
Platform of Farmer Water Schools
Participatory Hydrological Monitoring: farmers equipped to record & analyse GW level and
rainfall data
•
Environmental Viability Assessment: Farmers equipped to assess GW recharge &
utilisation in given unit.
•
Crop Water Budgeting: Crop selection according to water availability, Crop water budget session
at start of the Rabi season for alternative agriculture practices w.r.t GW availability
56
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
• Supply side
management
• Demand side
management
Water Resources
Management
Role of Water
Regulators

58. Gaps in Water Resource Management
WRM
Accounting for
•
•
All uses: Agriculture, Domestic, Industry and Environment
Rise in urban population: 40% by 2030 , 48-60% by 2050
Need for
•
•
•
•
Professional management of water resources
Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources
Long-term vision on WRM in India
Engagement with stakeholders and end-users
River Basins
•
•
Many already ‘closed’
Continuous focus on irrigation sector is no longer sustainable
Legal Frameworks
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• Phases in River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resources
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators
57

59. Phases in River Basin Development
WRM
Legal Frameworks
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• Phases in River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resources
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators
58

60. WRM
Water Resource Management
Legal Frameworks
Management decisions at different phases
of development
Construct
Legislate
Enforce
Manage demand
Empower
WRM
Time
Threats and opportunities:
•
•
•
•
•
•
59 •
Reducing reserve for development
Increased risk (from droughts)
Climate change
Management options constrained
Involvement of stakeholders
Need for dialogue
Need for information dissemination
Areas for action
• Engagement with stakeholders
• Re-education of water professionals,
politicians and planners
• Knowledge management and dissemination
• Improved efficiency and productivity of water
• Water trading
• Institutional reform in the water sector
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• Phases in River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resources
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators

61. Integrated Planning of Water Resources
WRM
Benefits
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Better utilisation of available water resources
Reduction in conflict
More intensive, and safe, use of wastewater
Improved water quality for both natural and human environment
Recovery of depleted groundwater resources
Inclusion of a wider range of stakeholders
Forum for resolution of crisis situations (natural or man-made)
Constraints
•
•
•
•
•
Requires genuine collaboration between agencies, organisations and individuals
Planning and decision-making can be more complex and time-consuming
Costs may be significant
Some stakeholders may need to relinquish power “to the common good”
Potential opposition to transparent and accountable decision-making
Legal Frameworks
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• Phases in River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resources
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators
60

62. WRM
Conditions
Enabling conditions for WRM
Legal Frameworks
Political
attributes
Informational
attributes
Legal
authority
Resources
Attributes
Balanced power
Process
transparency
Adequate powers
Human
Representation of
interests
Informational
availability
Appropriate
Institutions
Financial
Information
accessibility
Institutional
Infrastructure
61
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• Phases in River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resources
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators

63. Additional requirements for WRM
WRM
Institutional
Legal Frameworks
• A Water Resources Act
• To establish the proposed organisational
framework
• To establish rights to water and conditions
of use
• To cover both surface and groundwater
• An apex coordination body
• An executive body
• Separation of water resources allocation
and water delivery
• Consultative bodies to engage local
stakeholders in water resource planning,
allocation and management
62
Data
• Mapping of all water resources (surface
and groundwater)
• River and stream flow measurements
• Lake/reservoir water levels and volumes
• Groundwater levels and quality in aquifers
• Details of all water abstractions (type of
abstraction, use, location, quantities
abstracted, etc.)
• Wastewater discharges into water bodies
(volumes, location, type, quality, etc.)
• Flood levels, flows and areas inundated
• Type and location of infrastructure (dams,
barrages, pump stations, wastewater
treatment plants, etc.)
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• Phases in River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resources
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators

64. Water Resource Administration
WRM
Possible Organisational Structure for WRM
Legal Frameworks
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resource
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators
63

65. Alternative governance structures
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Planning
Planning
Water Management Committee
Council under CM – Board under Chief
Secretary
Tariff
Group of Ministers fix
Tariff
Regulatory Authority
Regulation
Regulatory Commission – Quality, service
standards and publication of annual audit
report
Regulation
Regulatory Authority assumes basic
governance functions
WRM
Legal Frameworks
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
• Gaps
• River Basin
Management
• Governance of River
Basins
• Water Resources
Administration
Role of Water
Regulators
64

66. WRM
Water Regulator
Regulatory functions needed
•
•
•
Set service fees (tariffs)- to sustain physical infrastructure over time
Provide water users with rights or entitlements to water
Plan and manage water resources in a rationale, transparent and accountable manner
Required
To monitor tariff
To ensure
service quality
65
Not necessary
Tariff could be
set by service
provider
Entitlements
could be set by
government
Ground Water for
Multiple Users
Water Resources
Management
Is a water regulator required?
Arguable
Legal Frameworks
Neither necessary nor desirable
No national irrigation/ bulk water
supply market
Role of Water
Regulators
• Regulatory functions
needed

67. Urban and Industrial Water Use
1. Developing a Water Conservation
Strategy for Industry
2. Water Utility Management: Urban
Water Supply Reform and Use of
Public Private Partnerships
3. Governing the Entrepreneurial
Sector
4. Regulation of Water Supply and
Waste water
66

68. Increasing Sector Demands
Issues
•
•
•
•
Water conservation and efficiency across all sectors
Increasing water and sanitation demands in the urban environment
Support industrial and business growth
Lack of governance expertise in delivering the infrastructure and management systems
Business-as-Usual Scenario Prediction (figures in BCM)
67

69. Urban &
Industrial
Public Private Partnerships (PPP)
Evolution in India
PPP
Way
Ahead?
Now
Mid
decade
Mid to
Late 90s
−India
−International
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
Around
2000
Initial Market Development
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
KUWASIP Success
International interest
Efforts to prepare PPP projects
Many ongoing initiatives
Operator Sponsored
High NGO opposition
First Long term Lease signed
Poor results
High profile projects run a ground
About 10 projects in progress
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Source: Crisil 2011
68
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation

70. Public Private Partnerships (PPP)
Motivation
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
•
Economic reform - business opportunities - generate economic growth
•
Develop capacity in management and technical skills
•
Catalyse investment in essential infrastructure
−India
−International
•
Improvement of governance of urban services
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
69

71. Urban &
Industrial
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Types and Allocation
Options
Ownerships
Service
Contract
Public
Management
Contract
Public
Lease
Public
Concession
Public
BOT/BOO Private & Public
Private / Private
Privatisation
& Public
PPP
O&M
Capital
Commercial
Risk
Private
Public
Private
Duration
1-2 years
Private
Private
Private
Private
Public
Public
Public
Private
Private
Private
Private
Private
3-7 years
8-20 years
20-30 years
20-30 years
Private
Private
Private
Indefinite
Increase
in Risk
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
−India
−International
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
70

72. Urban &
Industrial
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Models of Water Utility
BULK
Water
source
WATER INTAKE,
TREATMENT &
PUMPING
WAREHOUSING
STORAGE &
TRANSMISSION
RETAIL
DISTRIBUTION,
BILLING &
COLLECTION
PPP
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
−India
−International
24 x 7
RECYCLE
Pollution
Control
Board
SEWAGE OFFTAKE,
TRANSMISSION,
TREATMENT &
DISCHARGE
CUSTOMER
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
SEWERAGE
COLLECTION
NETWORK
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
71

73. Public Private Partnerships (PPP)
India Experience
•
•
•
North Karnataka Cities, Nagpur, Alandur (Tamil Nadu) & Khandwa (MP): make PPP
potential solution for improving services
Problems with not so well prepared or high risk PPP contracts: Mysore Delegated
Management Contract and Aurangabad Water Supply Improvement Project
Emerging social enterprise industry
What has possibly changed?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Demonstration of success stories
Focus shift from investment to management efficiency
Public finance and private management is increasingly accepted
Recognition of need for cost recovery
Increasing domestic entrepreneur interest
Selective outsourcing in utilities
Recognition of limitation of public sector service rules to manage essential round
the clock service delivery
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
−India
−International
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
72

74. Urban &
Industrial
Case Studies - (PPP)
Kanpur Water Account 2009-10
PRODUCTION
650/410
AT RESERVOIR
400
168
Ganga
+
200(GW)
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
UNTREATED
TREATED
100
COLLECTION
280
SEWAGE
Experience in Karnataka (3 cities)
Before
After
Supply frequency
No. of connections
73
650/410 – Design/Average
Production Capacity
All numbers in average million
litres/day (MLD)
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
−India
−International
180
171/100
PPP
AT CUSTOMER
2 hrs in 3 - 10 days
16399
24 hours
24145
Non Revenue Water
45%
6%
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation

75. Case Studies - (PPP)
International
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
−India
−International
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
74

76. End goal is water utility management
Lessons
• “Political” commitment, leadership, agreement and stability are critical: at all levels
• PPP is not an objective in itself
• Each situation is different: no “standard” models
Policy Considerations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arrangements are consistent with national objectives
PPP targets: realistic, unambiguous & set in context of verified data
Pro poor & community participation
PPP partner company must have: financial strength and management integrity
Clear process of tariff setting
Political interference ‘free’ regulation
Ensure good governance and accountability in public interest
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
• Evolution in India
• Motivation
• Types and allocations
• Models of Water Utility
• India’s Experience
• Case studies
−India
−International
• Lessons and Policy
Considerations
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
75

77. Water Conservation Strategy (WCS)
Potential water saving (%) in industry sector
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
•
•
Best Practice Guidance – • Delivery of WCS
knowhow for businesses • Case Studies
and industries
− International
•
76
Information and target
Water Conservation
setting by industry type
Strategy (WCS)
•
Potential water saving (in percentage) from measures applied in the
industry sector
Partnerships with industry
Grant programmes and Governing the
incentives
linked
to Entrepreneurial
abstraction regulation and Sector
pricing policy
Regulation

78. Water Conservation Strategy (WCS)
International Examples
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
• Delivery of WCS
• Case Studies
− International
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
77

79. Governing the Entrepreneurial Sector
Forging Working Relationships
• Water supply sector should embrace opportunities and
services that entrepreneurs bring to improving water and sanitation
• Acceptance of entrepreneurial contributions through regulation: recognise their
investment, protect them from unfair competition
• Entrepreneurship should be regarded in wider context: maintenance, outsourcing
of services, suppliers of equipment
• Encourage the working of water supply sector: private sector relationship through
legislation and by establishing an appropriate system of regulation
78
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation

80. Regulation of industry water use
Regulation Objectives
• Over-arching objective: “that investments are used effectively in a way that
maximises their benefits to all water users and to provide a framework that
induces public and private sources to finance investment projects”
Urban &
Industrial
PPP
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
• Public sector control over utility service providers (public or private)
• Ensuring service providers have financial resources to operate and invest
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Good regulation in water supply: as a balance
Regulation
Regulate prices
quality
access
79
but also - Protect &
operations and
investments from
arbitrary government
decisions
Allow
businesses sufficient freedom to
manage according to business
judgement

81. Options for regulation of industry water use Urban &
Industrial
PPP
Water Conservation
Strategy (WCS)
Governing the
Entrepreneurial
Sector
Regulation
80

82. Institutional Reforms
1. Water Governance at the State
Level
2. National Water Commission
81

83. Water Governance at the State Level
Possible Organisational Structure for WRM
Institutional
Reforms
Water Governance at
the State Level
• Possible organisational
structure for WRM
• Possible State Water
Administration
Structure
National Water
Commission (NWC)
82

84. Water Governance at the State Level
Institutional
Reforms
Possible State Water Administration Structure
Water Governance at
the State Level
• Possible organisational
structure for WRM
• Possible State Water
Administration
Structure
National Water
Commission (NWC)
83

85. National Water Commission (NWC)
Premise
•
•
•
By some estimates usable supply of water will fall short of project demand in the next
fifteen years
There is expected to be a shift in the sectoral demand for water
No alternative than to view the planning and management of water from a national
perspective- if supply is fixed & demand rises
Rationale for an NWC: Gaps in current water management
•
•
•
•
84
Technical assessment of projects
– No mandate for assessing the state of water resources as a
– No obligation to continue assessments after clearances have been awarded
Treating water as a national resource
Availability of timely and usable information
Capacity for management
– No countrywide institution that has the responsibility to assess the skills gap,
identify the balance of human resources in different water subsectors
Institutional
Reforms
Water Governance at
the State Level
National Water
Commission (NWC)
• Premise
• Role of NWC
• 12 FYP
• Long term

86. National Water Commission (NWC)
Role of NWC
Institutional
Reforms
Technical assessor to monitor progress during construction and timely completion of
projects, and to continuously assess the management of projects after completion (support
PC & MoEF)
Water Governance at
the State Level
•
Guardian or watchdog of national water resources, states' rights and individual entitlements
•
Aggregator and public communicator of data and information
• Premise
• Role of NWC
• 12 FYP
• Long term
•
Facilitator and capacity developer
– Support states with advice on institutional design, capacity and skills
development
– Offer technical advice and inputs
•
85
National Water
Commission (NWC)

87. National Water Commission (NWC)
Specific functions during the 12th FYP
•
•
Empowered Working Group to start working on a National Water Strategy and submit
proposals to the National Development Council
Information collection and dissemination (up-to-date macro data to develop the broad
elements, stimulate public debate)
•
Capacity building activities, assessing skill gaps for water management through a service
delivery mode
•
Coordination and networking across sectors and levels of government
•
Engagement with potential local and foreign investors
– full transparency concerning all contract details of individual projects
86
Institutional
Reforms
Water Governance at
the State Level
National Water
Commission (NWC)
• Premise
• Role of NWC
• 12 FYP
• Long term

88. National Water Commission
Institutional
Reforms
Long Term
Guardian and overseer of the National Water Strategy once it has been approved and
adopted by the National Development Council
Water Governance at
the State Level
Technical advice to central and state water administrations
National Water
Commission (NWC)
•
Watchdog of the rights of all water stakeholders and particularly the state of the country’s
water resources
• Premise
• Role of NWC
• 12 FYP
• Long term
•
Continuous benchmarking of best institutional practices, efficiency standards, human
resource and capacity requirements
•
Continuing role in information dissemination, transparency, capacity building, and public
education and advocacy
•
•
87

89. THANK YOU
http://ceew.in | info@ceew.in | @CEEWIndia