Aim: To study the Appropriate method for Boosting Self Sufficiency of a Rural settlement w.r.t. energy generation. Objectives: To identify & understand the possibilities on which Self-Sufficiency of a settlement can be further enhanced on the parameters based on Occupation, Lifestyle, by-products & Available resources at Decentralized level (Unit level) Probable method:  Generation of Biogas to achieve Self-sufficiency in Energy demands.

1. Biogas Generation as a means to Boost Self sufficiency of a
Rural settlement
Submitted by: Pratham S. Pincha
Class: X Semester, B.Arch
Venue: P.I.A.D.S., Nagpur
Seminar Guide: Mrs. S.L. Swamy

2. Aim : To study the Appropriate method for Boosting Self Sufficiency of a Rural
settlement w.r.t. energy generation.
Objective : To identify & Understand the possibilities on which Self-Sufficiency
of a settlement can be further enhanced on the parameters based
on Occupation, Lifestyle, by-products & Available resources at
Decentralized level (Unit level)
Probable method :
Generation of Biogas to achieve Self-sufficiency in Energy demands.
Scope & Limitation :
• To study the Concept, Working system, Types, Construction, Design
considerations for the Biogas Unit.
• To Study the Application of the Biogas plant with other Allied activities.
• To Study the Application of Decentralized Agricultural Biogas unit.

3. INTRODUCTION
<
Population
Urban area
Depend for
livelihood
majorly on
Rural area
Agriculture
and cattle
rearing
Also, rural areas have large Bovine population as domestic farm animals.
Female Bovine provides Milk, Male Cattle are used as Draft animals.
In addition, Large quantity of Dung is Produced by Bovine Population
It is of Great value to local communities – though not given Economic importance

4. The Issue & Need
Approximate Traditional
Utilization of Cow Dung
As cooking fuel, in form of
Cow Dung cakes.
1. Inefficient utilization
as a fuel. (only 11%)
2. Pollute local &
Surrounding
Environment.
In Building const.,
plastering etc.
1/3
As Organic manure
2/3
1. Inefficient utilization
2. Dumped in heaps
Methane released
3. Health Problems
(Breading of Flies &
Mosquitoes)

5. Why Biogas?
3
FOODER
2
LIQUID
MANURE
BIOGAS
COMFORT
&
SAVING
ENVIORNMENTAL
PROTECTION
1
The cycle of Organic matter & the Benefits of an
Agricultural Bio gas Unit
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE
A Biogas Unit:
 3 Components
(1,2 & 3)
 Form Natural Cycle
 All 3 has Direct
Benefits to Farmer
& his Economy.

6. Why Biogas?
WATER
3
FOODER
2
ENVIORNMENTAL
PROTECTION
DUNG + URINE
LIQUID
MANURE
BIOGAS
COMFORT
&
SAVING
Animal : Dung
Gas plant : Manure
1
The cycle of Organic matter & the Benefits of an
Agricultural Bio gas Unit
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE
Plantation: Fodder

7. Why Biogas?
WATER
3
FOODER
2
ENVIORNMENTAL
PROTECTION
DUNG + URINE
LIQUID
MANURE
BIOGAS
COMFORT
&
SAVING
Biogas Significance:
Clever way of
Exploiting
Nature, without
Destroying
1
Optimizes Farm
Economy
The cycle of Organic matter & the Benefits of an
Agricultural Bio gas Unit
It support Self Reliance
& Sustainable
Development
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

8. Conditions to produce Biogas
Digestible
Substrate, i.e.
Organic matter
+ Water
A vessel where
Substrate is not
in contact with
air (O2 absent)
A digestion
temperature
between
15*C – 35*C
A Retention
time longer
than 30 days
 If methane producing bacteria present in the Substrate
(present in Dung) Biogas production begins in 3 to 5 days.

9. Basic parts of Biogas plant
1. INFLUENT COLLECTING TANK
(Mixing tank) :
- To homogenize various substrates & to
setup required consistency.
4. DISPLACEMENT PIT
(SLURRY STORAGE)
- The fully Digested slurry leaves
the Digester through the Outlet
pipe into it.
1
4
2
3
2. DIGESTER
3. GAS HOLDER & GAS PIPE
- The bacteria multiply & produce
Biogas into the Digester.
- Digester provides the required
conditions for this process
- The Biogas is stored until consumption
into the Gasholder
- The gas pipe carries the Gas to the
Desired place of Consumption.
*Depending on the plant type & requirements Variations & Additions in components are possible
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

10. Types of Biogas Plants
On the Basis of Feed method the 3 Types are:
BATCH PLANTS
- Filled & Emptied
completely after a fixed
retention time.
CONTINUOUS PLANTS
- Charged & Discharged
regularly
- Generally used as
farmers Biogas plant with
automatic discharge at
overflow.
- Gas production is
Constant & Higher
SEMI-BATCH PLANTS
- Operated when straw &
dung are digested
together.

11. Types of Biogas Plants
On the Basis of the type of construction the 3 well performing & Mature
Designs suitable for Farming Households are:
A. FIXED-DOME PLANT :
C. PLASTIC COVERED /
BALLON PLANT:
3. Gas collects in a floating
steel gas holder
1. Gas collection
2. Expansion Chamber
B. FLOATING-DRUM
PLANT :
4. The gas collected under an
inflating plastic cover
5. A wooden roof to protect
plastic against sunlight
Main Building Material
Plastered Brickwork.
A.
2
1
B.
3
C.
5
4

12. Types of Biogas Plants
On the Basis of the type of construction the 3 well performing & Mature
Designs suitable for Farming Households are:
A. FIXED-DOME PLANT :
B. FLOATING-DRUM
PLANT :
C. PLASTIC COVERED /
BALLON PLANT:
- Relatively low cost
- Long life (20yrs or more)
- Least Maintenance.
- Simple Mechanism
- No day/night temp
Fluctuations so better
Bacteriological processes
- Labor intensive – Employment
- Great care-design&
workmanship.
- Which rises according to the
volume of gas production
- Easy to understand & operate
- Provide Gas at constant
pressure
- Stored Gas-volume
recognizable
- Expensive , Maintenance
Intensive (painting, cleaning)
- Drum life is Short(abt 10years)
- Standardized prefabrication
- Suitable for high ground water
table - high digester temp warm climate
- Uncomplicated
Cleaning, Emptying &
Maintenance
- Low gas pressure, short
life, damage, not repaired locally
A.
2
1
B.
3
C.
5
4

13. Working system of Biogas plant
THE FIXED DOME TYPE ONCE CONSTRUCTED WELL ARE ROBUST & OF RELIABLE PERFORMANCE
System of the Fixed-Dome plant
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

14. Construction of the Biogas plant
Principle of statics of
fixed dome plant
(7)
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE
(D)
(7)
(C)
(7)
(3)
(10)
(7)
(7)
(5)
(B)
(10)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(A)
(1)
(6)

15. The Complete Biogas unit
‘BIOGAS UNIT’
• Signifies the importance of
integrated planning when
applying Biogas technology
• Describes the total package
offered to the farmers
Its main components are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Components of Agricultural Biogas unit
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE
Biogas plant
Cattle stable
Toilet (optional)
Slurry distribution system
Fodder grass or vegetable
plantation
6. Place of gas consumption
7. Dung & Urine collection
chamber

16. The Studied Case
Quantitative data & General information:
Name of the Village: Churni, Melghat, Nr. Chikaldhara, Maharashtra.
Residing communitie(s) : Gawali Community
Basic Occupation / Livelihood : Cattle Rearing & Making Milk products
Total Area of the Village: 56.22 Hectares (562200 sq. mt.)
Number of Residing Families : 61 Families
Total Human Population
: 210
8-12 Bovine/Residence, (abt 100 kg dung/day)
Total Livestock (Cattle) Population : 459

17. The Studied Case
Agricultural
farms
Cow dung
storage
Typical schematic section showing
activity distribution across the Hillock
Agricultural farms
Well
Street
Street on Ridge & Fields on slope
A C T I V I T Y PAT T E R N & B U I LT U S E M A P

18. The Studied Case
STREET
Cow dung
storage
Shed for
Calves
The annually collected dung
Residence
Cattle shed
Shed for
Calves
Kitchen
Milking
space
Cattle shed
Agricultural farms
Plan of a complete Dwelling Unit of Churni Village:
(Residence, Cattle shed, Cow dung storage etc.)
Cattle shed & Milking Space

19. Principles & Considerations for Layout & Design
1. The sloping ground (ideal)
Stable higher than gas plant
2. On Flat Ground – Stable
elevated to allow Dung &
urine to enter the plant by
Gravity.
•
•
•
Position of gas plant to Stable floor (1) on sloping
ground, (2) on Horizontal ground
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE
•
The outlet of plant directed
towards the fields.
Handling Slurry demands
high labor
input, hence, proper
planning required.
Overflowing shall never
accumulate on neighbor's or
Public ground.
Plant shall be functional even
when attendance &
Maintenance is poor.

20. Principles & Considerations for Layout & Design
Mtr cu.?
•The gas pipe shall be securely
Deciding criteria for Gas
mounted on the wall and shall lead
holder volume:
directly to the kitchen.
• Regular & equally distributed
•The digester shouldover D-N &
gas consumption be located
directly besideGas storage can
from D-D – the animal
shelter, which should have a paved
be smaller.
floor.
••Urine and dung can be swept into
Irregular & Concentrated gas
theconsumption – largereffort.
inlet pipe with little gas
holder
•The plant shall has a sunny location
•The vegetable garden - situated
directly adjacent to the digested
slurry store.
A Farmyard Biogas plant
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE
•The well - an adequate distance
away from the biogas plant.

21. The Proposed
Kitchen
The Zero Grazing unit
(Cattle shed)
Toilet
The Residence
Gas pipe
The Biogas plant
Expansion chamber
Slurry Distribution system
Layout of Biogas
Unit, Residence & Cattle shed
Fodder grass or
vegetable plantation

22. The Proposed
Plan of the Zero Grazing Unit (Cattle shed)

23. Management of Resources
Utilization of Biogas for Cooking and Lighting
The group of 10 cows (milking and non-milking) will produces daily 100-125 kg dung.
• This is sufficient to produce 4 m3 biogas daily.
• One person needs 0.24 m3 biogas daily for cooking food
(5 person requires 1.2 m3 biogas daily).
• One mantle lamp of 100 candle power needs 0.13 m3 biogas/h
(for 4 h lighting 0.52 m3 biogas requirement).
• Total biogas requirement for cooking and lighting is 1.72 m3 biogas daily for a family of
5 members.
• Along with above 1 kWh electricity can be generated from 0.75 m3 biogas.
Slurry management
• Along with 4 cubic meter biogas 30 kg dry slurry will be produced daily.
• This will amount 10.95 tones per year per biogas plant.
• This biogas spent slurry is used for organic farming and cultivation of medicinal plants.

24. Factors Hindering Spread Of Biogas
Technical:
Technical, Economical & Cultural.
• Too large a capacity plant - under feeding - failure to produce gas.
• Low winter temperatures
• Faulty construction
• Cheaper trainees or those with no training at all.

25. Factors Hindering Spread Of Biogas
Economical:
•It is more profitable to maintain a community-size system as a fertilizer plant than as a source of cooking gas - subject to the viable provision of an alternative
energy source for cooking.
•Macro-environment which determines price structures of conventional fuels most
likely acts as a disincentive to adopt renewable technologies.
•The system of grants and loans may hinder the correct choice of plant for different
users.
Cultural:
•Cultural practices may also hinder general uptake - particularly regarding the use
of latrines in biogas systems.
•Traditional cooking practices may also need to be altered.

26. References
• Consultancy project report on:
Integrated cycle of Cow- Project for Rural Self Sustainable Economic Development
Prepared by: Dr. Virendra Kumar Vijay
Centre for Rural development & Technology
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
• ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC, HEALTH AND OTHER POSITIVE IMPACTS OF
BUILDING HOUSEHOLD BIOGAS PLANTS IN RURAL INDIA
By: Raymond Myles, Secretary General-cum-Chief Executive, INSEDA, St. Soldier
Tower, Vikas Puri, New Delhi- 110018
• Improved Biogas Unit for Developing Countries
by Ludwig Sasse, Christopher Kellner & Ainea Kimaro
A Publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für
Entwicklungstechnologien – GATE in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH – 1991
• Biogas Digest - Volume II
Biogas - Application and Product Development

27. Acknowledgments
First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my guide, Mrs. S.L.Swami who has
supported me in the project with her patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to
work in my own way.
I also benefited by discussion with Prof. Ajay Thomare, Prof. Ketan Kimmatkar & Prof. R.K.
Bhargava for the study & Research on related works.
I gratefully thank Salman Khan & Pranav Pathrabe for spending their valuable time for
Preliminary Study Trips.
I also gratefully acknowledge Mr. Sunil Deshpande & Mrs. Nirupama Deshpande for their
advice & the time spared for Valuable Discussions.
Many thanks go in particular to the Residents of Churni & Lavada village, Melghat for their
support.
Where would I be without my family? My grandparents , parents , uncles, aunts & Siblings
deserve special mention for their inseparable support and prayers. My Mother is the one who
sincerely raised me with her caring and gentle love knowing and providing me with all my
needs always.
Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during
the making of the project.

28. Thank You.

29. Explanation of the Terms
BIOGAS :
• Produced by Bacteria during Digestion
under Airless condition
• Mainly consists of CH4 & CO2
• Combustible if > 50% CH4
• Biogas from Animal Dung = 60% CH4
SLURRY : (N,P,K)
• Digester content or Digested Substance
flowing out of the plant.
• Found in different conditions inside the
Digester as shown in the figure.
The big-chemical process of
anaerobic digestion
Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE