about porcelain and viterous china

1. CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL
RAR 402
TOPIC-VITEROUS CHINA& PORCELAIN
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
AR.SWATI PRATEEK SHARMA
AR.ABHA MOHD ARSH KHAN
KSHITIJ K.KUSHWAHA

2. PORCELAIN
Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating
materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin,
in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C
(2,200 and 2,600 °F).
A special type of clay either white or grey, to which kaolin
(a white firing stiff clay) and white China stone (finely
decayed granite, washed and prepared as small white
blocks) is added
Primary components -clays, feldspar or flint and silica

3. Properties of Porcelain
● Low Permeability
● Strength
● Hardness
● Toughness
● Whiteness
● Translucency
● Resonance
● High resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock

4. TYPES OF PORCELAIN
Porcelain can be divided into the three main categories: hard-
paste, soft-paste and bone china depending on the composition of
the paste, the material used to form the body of a porcelain object
and the firing conditions
● Hard paste porcelain
● Soft paste porcelain
● Bone china porcelain

5. Hard Paste Porcelain
● They were formed from a paste composed of kaolin and alabaster and fired
at temperatures up to 1,400 °C (2,552 °F) in a wood-fired kiln, producing a
porcelain of great hardness, translucency, and strength.
● Later, the composition of the Meissen hard paste was changed and the
alabaster was replaced by feldspar and quartz, allowing the pieces to be
fired at lower temperatures.
● Kaolinite, feldspar and quartz (or other forms of silica) continue to provide
the basic ingredients for most continental European hard-paste porcelains.

6. Soft Paste Porcelain
● These are prepared by using mixtures of clay and ground-up glass (frit) to
produce soft-paste porcelain.
● Soapstone and lime were known to have been included in these compositions.
● These wares were not yet actual porcelain wares as they were not hard and
vitrified by firing kaolin clay at high temperatures.
● As these early formulations suffered from high pyro plastic deformation, or
slumping in the kiln at raised temperature, they were uneconomic to produce
and of low quality.
● Soft-paste porcelains are fired at lower temperatures than hard-paste porcelain,
therefore these are in general less hard than hard-paste porcelains.

7. Bone China
● Bone ash is a white material produced by the calcination of bones.
● Typical bone ash consists of about 55.82% calcium oxide, 42.39% phosphorus
pentoxide, and 1.79% water.
● The exact composition of these compounds varies depending upon the type
of bones being used, but generally the formula for bone ash is: Ca5(OH)(PO4)3.
● Bone ash usually has a density around 3.10 g/mL and a melting point of
1670 °C (3038 °F).
● Most bones retain their cellular structure through calcination.

8. ADVANTAGES OF PORCELAIN
● Resists wear: Porcelain tile is highly resistant to wear and tends to last
better over the years than standard ceramic tile does
● Low Maintenance
● They're beautiful
● Excellent for high traffic use
● Offered in a wide range of styles
● Highly durable
● More moisture resistant
● Simple to clean

9. DISADVANTAGES OF PORCELAIN
● Being durable, porcelain tiles are also hard to
cut or to drill.
● They require special and stronger tools to be
cut into any desired shaped.
● They are harder to fix onto mortar
● They need extra pressure to be forced into
place.

10. USES OF PORCELAIN
Building Material
Porcelain can be used as a building material, usually
in the form of tiles or large rectangular panels.
Modern porcelain tiles are generally produced to a
number of recognised international standards and
definitions.
More recent noteworthy examples include The
Dakin Building in Brisbane, California, and the Gulf
Building in Houston, Texas, which when constructed
in 1929 had a 70-foot-long (21 m) porcelain logo on
its exterior.

11. Bathroom Fittings
Because of its durability, inability to rust and nonporous
nature (porcelain has an absorption rate of less than .5%),
glazed porcelain has been in use for personal hygiene
since at least the third quarter of the 17th century.
However bath tubs are not made of porcelain, but of so-
called porcelain enamel on a metal base, usually of cast
iron.
It is not porcelain but a form of glass-based vitreous
enamel.

12. Electric Insulating Material
● Porcelain is an excellent insulator for use at
high voltage, especially in outdoor
applications.
● Examples are: terminals for high voltage
cables, bushings of power transformers,
insulation of high frequency antennas and
many other components.

13. VITREOUS CHINA
● Vitreous china is an enamel coating that
is applied to ceramics, particularly
porcelain, after they've been fired, though
the name can also refer to the finished
piece as a whole.
● The coating makes the porcelain tougher,
denser, and shinier, and it is a common
choice for things like toilets and sink
basins.

14. VITEROUS CHINA:MAKING
● The word “vitreous” means “glass-like,” and that’s just what
the glaze does for ordinary ceramics: it makes them look
shiny and reflective while maintaining and in most cases
actually strengthening their durability.
● The glaze itself is usually made of composite minerals and
powdered glass. It is typically sold as a powder that artisans
and manufacturers must melt down, in a kiln or specialized
oven, before using.
● Once the glaze has reached its melting point it can be
painted, or “glazed,” onto the surface of the ceramic piece

15. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
● The general purpose of applying vitreous china enamel to a ceramic item like
a washbasin is to provide protection for it, and it may be used secondarily for
aesthetic purposes.
● In covering their porcelain substrate, vitreous china gives anti-corrosive
properties and helps against weathering and heat .
● Its non-porosity also prevents bacteria from entering the surface of ceramic
material, and so keeps it from building up.
● The porosity of vitreous china can be decreased by increasing its feldspar
content.
● Vitreous china is translucent, which, along with its protective nature, has
made it preserve artefacts such as jewellery and potentially preserve them in
the same state for thousands of years .

16. ADVANTAGES OF VITEROUS CHINA
● One of the biggest advantages of the vitreous glaze is its ability to resist
spills and staining.
● The Vitreous China coating is better at resisting scratches, spills and
other minor imperfection.
● The high gloss enamel is a preferred use in bathroom basins
& sinks due to its highly durable, sanitary and stain resistant properties.
● vitreous china has sanitary properties which are great to use in the
bathrooms.

17. DISADVANTAGES OF VITEROUS CHINA
● Porcelain is generally very tough, but it is densely porous which
means that it will sometimes absorb other fluids, particularly when
wet and exposed for extended periods.

18. USES OF VITREOUS CHINA
● Vitreous china is used in a variety of household and sanitaryware items such
as basins, toilets, bidets, urinals and bathtubs.
● Items that use vitreous china are usually ones that are best when kept clean
and sanitary, with which a coating of vitreous china enamel helps.
● Those same vitreous china items also benefit from having stains and spots
removed easily due to the nature of their use.
● Vitreous china can be occasionally found applied to kitchen countertops and
related fixtures.
● The low occurrence is due to vitreous china’s fragility when exposed to blunt
force from crockery and other kitchen items.
● Instead, plastic and steel are examples of more common kitchen fixture
materials.

19. PRODUCTION
● In most cases, vitreous china consists of a mix of clay, feldspar, flint
and quartz sand .
● This mix is usually fired once at 1200-1300°C for most applications,
and twice fired for use in crockery with a first firing at 900-950°C and
a second firing at 1200-1250°C.
● Crockery is fired twice to reduce its porosity .
● To make the mix more workable, water is usually added

20. PRODUCTS
● Common Vitreous China products are,
● Toilet.
● Wash basin.
● Pedestal.
● Bidet.
● Urinals.
● Sink.
● Bathtub.

21. CONCLUSION
● Porcelain is the hardest clay material in the market. The ceramic material is heated
in a kiln at an extreme temperature, causing the clay to become less dense and
porous.
● Porcelain is very strong and hard. Visually, the material is translucent and elegant.
● Porcelain is tough in durability, and soft in visual appearance.
● Vitreous china is a ceramic material, such as porcelain, that is glazed with enamel.
The vitreous china coating is applied later on in the heating process.
● Vitreous china and porcelain cost about the same, however, vitreous china is better
at resisting spills, scrapes, or other bathroom mishaps.
● The high gloss enamel is very durable and creates a stain-resistant surface. Also,
vitreous china has sanitary properties which are great to use in the bathroom.

22. THANKYOU