The document summarizes information about water resources on Earth. It states that over two thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with 97.2% contained in the five oceans. The largest freshwater storage is in ice sheets and glaciers, containing 90% of the planet's freshwater. Most water is part of the water cycle, with the largest reservoirs being the oceans (97.25%), ice caps and glaciers (2.05%), and groundwater (0.68%). Water scarcity is an increasing issue caused by population growth, consumption patterns, and climate change. Agriculture accounts for 70% of water usage globally while industry uses 22%. Conservation efforts like reducing waste and integrated watershed management can help

1. Water Resources

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How much water is in earth?
Over two thirds of the earth's surface is
covered with water.
97.2% of which is contained in the five
oceans.
The Antarctic ice sheet, containing 90% of
all fresh water on the planet, is visible at
the bottom.
Atmospheric water vapour can be seen as
clouds.

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Volume of water stored in
the water cycle's reservoirs
Reservoir
Volume of water
(106 km³)
Percent
of total
Ocean 1370 97.25
Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

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Distribution of
Water
This is how the water is
distributed on earth .
We will see a graphical chart
on this topic in the next slide.
Type Location Percent
Surface Lakes 0.009
Saline lakes/seas 0.008
Streams 0.0001
Subsurface Vadose 0.005
Groundwater (to
750 m)
0.31
Groundwater
(below 750m)
0.31
Other
Reservoirs
Icecaps, glaciers 2.15
Atmosphere 0.001
Oceans 97.2

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We can see here that most of the
water is in the oceans

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Sources of fresh
water
1) Surface water
2) Under river flow
3) Ground water
4) Desalinization
5) Frozen water

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Scarcity of fresh
water
fresh water is a
increasingly scarce
resource. It is partially
caused by increasing
population coupled by
change of consumption
pattern and climate
changes.

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Climate change causes change in frequencies of
droughts and floods.
Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as
a result of population growth.
Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural
and industrial runoff.

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1) Agricultural
2) Industrial
3) Household
4) Recreation
5) Environmental

12. 12Agricultural and industrial water uses
Agricultural Industrial
It is estimated that 70% of
worldwide water use is for
irrigation, with 15-35% of
irrigation withdrawals being
unsustainable.
It takes around 2,000 - 3,000
liters of water to produce enough
food to satisfy one person's daily
dietary need.
This is a considerable amount,
when compared to that required
for drinking, which is between
two and five liters.
It is estimated that 22% of
worldwide water is used in
industry.
Major industrial users include
hydroelectric dams,
thermoelectric power plants,
which use water for cooling, ore
and oil refineries, which use
water in chemical processes,etc
Water withdrawal can be very
high for certain industries, but
consumption is generally much
lower than that of agriculture.

13. 13Household and agricultural water uses
Household
It is estimated that 8% of
worldwide water use is for
household purposes.
These include drinking, bathing,
cooking, etc.
Basic household water
requirements have been
estimated by Peter Gleick at
around 50 liters per person per
day.
Recreation
Recreational water use is usually
a very small but growing
percentage of total water use.
Recreational water use is mostly
tied to reservoirs.
If a reservoir is kept fuller than
it would otherwise be for
recreation.
Release of water from a few
reservoirs is also timed to
enhance whitewater boating,
which also could be considered a
recreational usage.

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Environmental water uses
Explicit environment water use is
also a very small but growing
percentage of total water use.
Environmental water may include
water stored in impoundments and
released for environmental purposes
,but more often water is retained in
waterways through regulatory limits
of abstraction.
Environmental water usage includes
watering of natural or artificial
wetlands, artificial lakes intended to
create wildlife habitat.

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Supply of Water Resources
Small fraction (.014%) is readily
available for human use

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 It takes over 11,000
liters of water to produce
a pound of coffee.
 It takes about 300 liters
of water to make the
paper for just one Sunday
newspaper.
 Agriculture is
responsible for about 70%
of the world’s water
usage. Industry uses a
further 22%.

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 It takes up to 5000 liters
of water to produce 1kg of
rice.
90% of wastewater in
developing countries is
discharged into rivers or
streams without any
treatment.
Water consumption in a
US household is eight
times that of an Indian
household.

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TemperatureChange(C)o
0.6
0.3
- 0.3
0.0
- 0.6
1900 1950 2000
Global mean temperature change
through last century
5-year running
average
1950-60 Mean level

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8
0
4
-12
-8
-4
1900 20001950
5-year running
average
The global mean sea-level rise
through last century
Mean 1951-1970 level

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water scarcity
What is water scarcity ? Causes of water scarcity
Water scarcity already affects
every continent and around
2.8 billion people around the
world by at least one month
every year. More than 1.2
billion people lack access to
clean drinking water.
Water scarcity involves water
stress, water shortage or
deficits, and water crisis.
Unsustainable extraction of
freshwater and other human
interference with the water
cycle are the immediate
causes of water scarcity
within a river basin.
Human intervention which
degrades the quantity and
quality of the natural supply
of freshwater occurs in three
principal ways.

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Solutions
Sustainable Water Use
Not depleting aquifers
Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems
Preserving water quality
Integrated watershed management
Agreements among regions and countries sharing
surface water resources
Outside party mediation of water disputes between
nations
Marketing of water rights
Raising water prices
Wasting less water
Decreasing government subsides for supplying water
Increasing government subsides for reducing water
waste
Slowing population growth

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Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the house,
sidewalk, or street.
Plant during the spring or fall when the watering requirements are
lower.
We're more likely to notice leaky faucets indoors, but don't forget to
check outdoor faucets, pipes, and hoses for leaks.
Avoid installing ornamental water features and fountains that spray
water into the air. Trickling or cascading fountains lose less water to
evaporation.
Turn off the water while you brush your teeth and save 3 gallons a
minute. That's more than 1000 gallons a year.
Check faucets and pipes for leaks.
Take shorter showers.
When washing dishes by hand, don't leave the water running for
rinsing.
Don't run the hose while washing your car

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Social Studies Summer Assignment