soyabean data

1. OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK (ORW)
ON
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE USE IN SOYBEAN
CULTIVATION IN NAGPUR DISTRICT
Submitted by,
GAVHANE DNYANESHWAR BABARAO
PG17ECO-1753 (LL/1765)
Submitted to,
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & STATISTICS SECTION,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ,
NAGPUR
Dr. PANJABRAO DESHMUKH KRISHI VIDYAPEETH ,
AKOLA-444104
2018-19

2. OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK (ORW)
1.Name of student : Gavhane Dnyaneshwar Babarao
2. Registration no. : PG 17ECO1753
3. Degree : M.Sc.(Agri. Economics)
4.Centre of PG education : College of Agriculture ,Nagpur
5. Department & Discipline : Agricultural Economics and Statistics
Section , College of Agriculture,
Nagpur.
6. Name of research guide & : Dr. N.V. Shende
Chairman, SAC
7.Title of the Research work : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
PESTICIDE USE IN SOYBEAN CROP
IN NAGPUR DISTRICT
8. Objectives
1. To study the frequency and extent of pesticide use in Soybean production.
2. To estimate cost & returns in soybean production with special reference to
pesticide use .
3. To estimate optimal level of pesticides use for profit maximization in soybean.
4. To examine the pesticide handling practices and safety measure followed by
sample farmers.
9. Hypothesis
1. Farmers are using pesticides indiscriminately in soybean production in the
study area.
2. Frequency, quantity and type of chemicals used are improper in soybean
Production

3. 10. Introduction
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is referred as “Golden bean’’ and “Miracle
crop” of 21th century. It is one of the important oilseed as well as legume crop. It
contributes more than 50% to the global production of edible oil. Soybean contains
20% oil and 40% protein. Its protein is rich in all essential amino acids vitamin A, B
and D health promoting phytochemicals like is flavones. The soya protein stands
unique by supplying all sixteen essential amino acids. Soybean oil is used as edible
oil in Indian diet. It contains low level of saturated fatty acids. Therefore, soybean oil
is better for human health.
Soybean is highly self-pollinated crop. Taxonomically soybean belongs to the
order Fables and family “Leguminoseae” and subfamily “Papilionidae” and the genus
Glycine. It is annual leguminous herbaceous plant. The genus Glycine is divided in
two subgenera, Glycine (16 perennial species) and Soja having two annual species,
Glycine soja (2n=40) and Glycine max (L.) Merril (2n=40). Glycine soja is the wild
ancestor of Glycine max and grows widely in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and
Russia.
Soybean is a short day plant and can grow well in areas receiving annual
rainfall in the range are 700 to 1000 mm. The growth appear at 25 to 330C and PH
between 6.5 to 7.5 most of the varieties. Soybean can grow preferably on medium
type of soil. It is predominantly grown in India for edible oil.
Soybean originated in North Eastern China. It entered in India during 6th
century AD. USA, Brazil, China, Argentina and India are the major soybean
producing countries in the world. These countries accounts for 90 per cent of the
world production. India ranked 5th position in respect to area and production. In India
area under the soybean cultivation is nearly up to 110.656 (‘000 ha) with production
of 86.426 (‘000 metric tones) and productivity 781 tones/ha. In Maharashtra area
under the soybean cultivation is nearly up to 35.85 (‘000 ha) with production of
27.835 (‘000 metric tones) and productivity 776 tones/ha (Anonymous, 2016-17).
Farmers district are under misconception that higher returns could be
obtained from higher doses of plant protection chemicals. However this has resulted

4. in the pest resistance, pest resurgence, seacondary pest resurgence in past few
years in region. In this regard study would be useful to both policy maker and
farmers of the region in understanding the nature and economic, health
consequences of pesticide use.
11. Review of literature
Pandurangadu and Raju (1990) studied the economics of pesticide use on
cotton farms in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. The study found that the
cultivation of high yielding varieties of cotton needed continual application of
pesticide as a part of the technological package. The large-scale production of cotton
in the state of Andhra Pradesh, in India, has led to the destruction of beneficial
organisms and the transformation of previously minor pests into major ones, as a
result of excessive pesticide use. Guntur district, ranking first in the utilization of
pesticides, was chosen with the villages growing cotton there in arranged in
descending order of their acreage. The top three villages were then selected for
analysis. The results showed an alarming rise in the cost of cultivation of cotton,
largely attributable to the increased use of expensive and broad spectrum chemicals
such as synthetic pyrethroids. They suggested the farmers to adopt Integrated Pest
Management practices which involved the use of low-cost, but effective, pest killing
techniques like
pheromone traps and biological control methods. Monocropping of cotton was one of
the factors which appeared to encourage pest build-up in the study area. Hence, the
cultivation of equally remunerative crops like maize, soybean, turmeric and coriander
was recommended. They suggested to ensure the distribution of high quality inputs
through agro-service centres. This action was particularly relevant as diluted
pesticides not only failed to protect the produce but also allowed pests to build up a
resistance to their contents.
Yogeshwari (2002) studied economics and environmental implications of
pesticideuse in paddy in Shimoga district. The study revelled that the average
frequency of pesticide applications made by the sample farmers was 18 sprays with
range of 12 to 28 sprays during the paddy crop for period of 140 to 145 days as
against the 11sprays recommended. It was found that expenditure on pesticide (Rs.
8389) formed the major portion (31%) of total cost of cultivation of paddy crop. The

5. total cost of cultivation of paddy was Rs. 27,258 per ha. Majority of the farmers used
pesticides in the form of organophosphorus and organochlorine and 23 per cent
farmers used organophosphorus chemical (monocrtophos) under the brand name
Novocron. It was observed that 12 per cent of farmers used weedicides, 9 per cent
farmers used weedicides in the form of 2-4-D sodium salt followed by machete
(10%), 30 per cent of the farmers used fungicides. Most of them used fungicides in
the form of Bavistin under the brand name Carbendizim (27%) followed by
mancozeb (7%) and copper oxychoride (6%).
Nguyan and Tran (2003) studied the economic and health consequences of
pesticide use in paddy paddy production in the makong delta ,Vietnam.They study
reported that among the pesticide , insecticide were used in the mst (394 grams a.i.
per ha) followed by herbicides(323 grams a.i. per ha) and fungicides (300grams a.i.
per ha) per crop .the amount of pesticides use by the sample farmers decrased
misconatng higher returns could b obtained thrugh higher doses of plant protection
chemicals..
Siddiqui, Z. S. and S. Ahmed (2006), The present study was carried out in a
field located at Department of Botany, University of Karachi where soil was treated
with various concentrations of pesticides before sowing. Combined effects of
pesticides on soybean growth and nutritive composition of seeds were observed.
Pesticide treated soil had significant effects on leaf growth components such as leaf
area ratio, leaf area index, specific leaf area, net assimilation rate, leaf weight ratio
and leaf area duration. Low concentration of pesticide enhanced leaf growth
components at all the growth stages studied. The plants grown at the site treated
with 0.25g L-1 pesticide, displayed maximum relative growth rate (RGR) and crop
growth rate (CGR) compared to control. However, significant reduction in CGR and
RGR were recorded at the sites treated with 0.5 and 0.75g L-1 concentration. Total
phenols in leaf, shoot and fruit were used as a stress indicator to ascertain the
possibility of chemical stress caused by systemic pesticide. 114 and 220% increase
in total phenol at vegetative stage and 50, 166 and 163% at late fruiting stage were
recorded in the sites treated with high pesticide concentration.
Fuat Budak and Dilek Bostan Budak (2006), Various kinds of pesticides have
been used in cotton production to increase yield and farm income in Turkey. Using a
standardized questionnaire, farm management and pest management practices

6. were analyzed on the basis of information gathered from 100 farmers in two
provinces, Adana and Kahramanmaraş of East Mediterranean region of Turkey.
Insecticide use varied considerably between two provinces. The average level of
herbicides and fungicides use was slightly higher in Kahramanmaraş than in Adana.
The mean level of pesticide use, as a total active ingredient, in Adana (2.69 kg/ha)
was more than twice of Kahramanmaraş (1.20 kg/ha). The share of pesticides in the
variable cost was 13.47% and1.14% in Adana and Kahramanmaraş, respectively.
Shifting from conventional cotton production to organic production was considered to
increase the producers’ income and reduce the possible environmental and health
hazards. Also, the need for further training and dissemination of information about
pesticide use and health effects throughout the Mediterranean Region is stressed
Shende et.al.(2013) The farmers are under the misconception that higher
returns could be obtained through higher doses of plant protection chemical.
However this has resulted in pest resistance, pest resurgence and secondary pest
out break in the region over the past few years. In this regard, the study provides
insight into economics of pesticides use. The results of the study would be useful to
both policy maker and farmers of the region in understanding the nature and
economic consequence of pesticide use. The study pertains to agriculture year
2012-13 and is based on information obtained by 60 randomly selected farmers form
Bhandara District. The resource use efficiency analysis clearly indicated that the
resources are not optimally used as guided by the economic principles. The
MVP/MFC ratios were negative for labour and plant nutrients and less than one for
plant protection chemicals. Thus the withdrawal of these resources would maximize
the returns from paddy production. The farmers need to be educated and advised
about the proper use of these resources particularly plant protection chemicals and
fertilizers. Though the pesticide use was high, the farmers in the study area were
already using more quantity of pesticide. This is not only uneconomical but also
would lead to other ill effects of pesticide use. Therefore there is an urgent need for
proper education to the farmers about the balanced use of pesticides. The farmers
should be educated to identify the threshold level of pest infestation and take
measures only after that instead of blindly following the neighbouring farmers while
applying plant protection chemicals. They also need to be advised about the method
of applying and identifying the spurious chemicals. The knowledge about the

7. integrated pest management (IPM) practice is not wide spread in the study area.
Therefore large scale demonstrations to show the benefits of IPM may be organized.
The farmers may be encouraged to use not only less toxic chemicals to human and
livestock but also less persistent in the environment in place of more toxic and more
persistent chemicals
Agarwal.P and O.P. Singh (2013), The study was conducted in Madhya
Pradesh state of India in the year 2012-13. The overall objective of present study
was to find out the cost and return structure and resource use efficiency of soybean
cultivation in Narsinghpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The average cost of cultivation
was observed highest on medium farm as compared to large and small farmers.
Average per hectare gross return from soybean for overall farmers was found to be
Rs 43179.59. Cost of production per quintal of soybean was Rs. 1354.92 on overall
farms. The benefit cost ratio was similar in case of medium and large farmers with
1.74 and slightly higher in case of small farmers 1.76. None of the soybean growers
was applying potassic fertilizers to soybean crops, but it plays vital role in nodule
formation and in enzyme activities.
Jamli et al. (2014) evaluated common practices relating to pesticide use
among farmers of the cotton belt of Punjab in Pakistan, in an effort to quantify the
extent of pesticide overuse and identify determinants of this behaviour. Results
suggested that farmers had little awareness of the risk associated with pesticide use
and thus were found to overuse pesticides in the study area. Muhammad khan etc.
(2015) evaluated common practices relating to pesticide use among farmers of the
cotton belt of Punjab in Pakistan, in an effort to quantify the extent of pesticide
overuse and identify determinants of this behaviour. Results suggested that farmers
had little awareness of the risk associated with pesticide use and thus were found to
overuse pesticides in the study area.
Sarvanan (2016) estimated that Much of the world’s cotton yield increase
during 1970’s and 1980’s was due to expansion of pesticide use, particularly
insecticides. It pointed out that, without insecticides a significant share of yields,

8. would be lost . Conclusion From the study, it was found that since 2002, the adoption
of Bt cotton in India and other states has been increasing. In cotton, the major
problem was cotton bollworm, in order to control the pest; the farmers were spraying
more amounts of pesticides. Prior to introduction of Bt cotton in the economy, a
steep decline in percentages of pesticides applied in cotton particularly on cotton
bollworm and now it was effectively controlled by the Bt cotton
Purushottam Sharma (2016), Soybean has emerged as a leading oilseed crop
in India which accounts for 55.6 per cent of area under kharif oilseeds and 38 per
cent of area under total oilseeds during TE 2012-13, 42.5 per cent of total oilseeds
production, and contributing to 28.6 percent of the total vegetable oils production in
the country. Input use, cost, returns and profitability of soybean cultivation for major
soybean growing states was analysed by using CACP data. The results revealed
that farmers use higher than recommended seed rate and lower than advised
fertilizers and manures, impacting the yield realisation by the farmers. The
operational cost of soybean cultivation has increased gradually indicates that
soybean cultivation is turning capital intensive. Growth in real cost of cultivation of
soybean outpaced the growth in real returns from soybean in all major states. The
decrease in price realised was faster than the real cost of production, indicating
declining profitability of soybean cultivation, though started improving recently
12. PROGRAMME OF RESEARCH WORK
Sr.no. Research work Period
1 Collection of data Sept-oct 2018
2 Analysis of data Dec 2018
3 Interpretation tabulation and report writing Jan-feb 2019
4 Thesis typing and submission March 2019
13. METHODOLOGY
13.1. Selection of area

9. The present study will be undertaken in Nagpur district in vidharha region.
13. 2. Nature & Source of data
The proposed study will be undertaken in nagpur district of vidharbha region. The
total tehsils is thirteen in nagpur district . Tehsil wise last five years data on area
under cultivation will be collected on the basis of higher area under cultivation ,
three tehsils will be selected for the present study. From each tehsils two villages will
be elected and from each village 20 farmers will be selected randomly. In all 120
farmers will be selected randomly for the present study . The data will be collected
for the year 2018-19 .
13.3. Analytical Tools
13.3.1.Tabular analysis
Tabular analysis will be followed to compute the cost , returns and profits. Tabular
presentation will be used to work out samples means and percentage with respect
to the general characteristics of sample farmers.
13.3.2 Production Function Analysis
cobb-Douglous production function will be used to study the influence of inputs on
soybean productivity.
Y=AX1b1 X2b2 X3b3 X4b4
Where,
Y = Gross Income from soybean (Rs/ha)
X1=Expenditure on seed (Rs/ha)
X= Expenditure on fertilizers and manure
X= Quantities of pesticides used (kg/ha)
X=Expenditure on labour (Rs/ha)
A= constant

10. b1= production elasticity
The marginal value will be equated the marginal factor cost to determine optimum
use of resources. To determine optimum quantity of pesticide use under the
assumption of the profit maximization behaviour, the following Relationship will be
estimated . the marginal physical product (MPP) of pesticides will be equated to the
price ratio of pesticide and soybean.
MPP = (dy/dx) = (Pp/py)
i.e. (Y/X) = PP/Py
X=(b3YPy)/pp
Where,
X=quantity of pesticides
b 3 = production elasticity of pesticides
MPP =Marginal physical product of pesticides
Pp =unit price of pesticides
Py =output price of soybean (Rs /qtl)
The rate of return from pesticide use insoybean will e computed by using formula as
a suggested by nguyen and tran thi ,2003. The rate of return was estimated as the
ratio of (Returns-total cost other than pesticides)/total pesticide cost.
14. Literature cited
Jamali, A.A., Solangi, A.R., Memon, N. and Nizamani, S.M. (2014) Current scenario
of pesticide practices among farmers for vegetable production: A case study in
Lower Sindh, Pakistan. International Journal of Development and Sustainability.
3(3):493-504.
Nguyen huu dung and Tran Thi Thanh Dung (2003):Economic and health
consequences Of pesticide use in paddy production in ttemekong delta,Vietnam ,
http://203.116.77_/publications/research/ACF124.html

11. Pandurangadu, K. Raju, V. T. 1990. Economics of pesticide use on cotton farms in
Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. Agric. Situat. India. 45 (7): 467-470.
Shende.N.V, Bagde.N.T (2013) Economic consequences of pesticides use in paddy
cultivation. ,American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and
Social Sciences.4(1);25-33
Yogeshwari, 2002 Economics and environmental implication of pesticide use in
paddy in Shimoga district. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad.
Purushottam Sharma (2016), Costs, returns and profitability of soybean cultivation in
India: Trends and prospects, Economic Affairs Citation.61(3): 413-425
Punit Kumar Agarwal and O. P. Singh ,an economic analysis of soybean cultivation
in Narsinghpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India ,Indian J. Agric. Res.48 (3) 185-
191, 2014
Siddiqui, Z.S.and Ahmed, S. (2006) Combined effects of pesticide on growth and
nutritive composition of soybean plants, homepage; http:// www.parc.gov.pk / NARC
/narc.html
Fuat Budak and Dilek Bostan Budak (2006), Farm level analysis of pesticide use in
cotton production in East Mediterranean region of Turkey, Journal of Environmental
Biology April 27(2) 299-303
Saravanan (2016), Bt cotton in India, pesticide use and environmental impact in
India, International Journal of Applied Research 2016; 2(7): 829-832
.15. Facility required and their availability
The computation devices i.e. electronic calculators and computers available in the
section of agricultural economics and statistics , college of agriculture, Nagpur.
16. Place ,time and duration of research work
The data for the present study will be collected from the selected farmers of Nagpur
district. The data will be analyzed at agricultural economics and statistics section ,
college of agriculture ,Nagpur.
Place: Nagpur Signature of student
(Gavhane Dnyaneshwar Babarao )
Date: / /2018

12. The ORW prepared by the student was presented before the advisory committee on
dated __ / __ / 2018 and advisory committee approves the same.
Advisory committee Signature
1. Dr. N.V. Shende (chairman)
2.
3.
4.
Recommended by
Head of section
Agricultural Economics and statistical
Section , College of Agriculture , Nagpur
Head
Department of Agricultural Economics
And statistics ,
Dr. P.D.K.V. Akola
Approved by, Associate Dean
College of Agriculture, Nagpur