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- 1. COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT Lecture by Khem L. Bishwakarma 9813143285 3. Rural livelihoods and their relation with community based forestry 14. Capital formation through community based forestry (natural, physical, human, social and financial )
- 2. Livelihood 4/2/2023 2 khem.century@gmail.com • Dictionary meaning: a means of securing the necessities of life • In general, livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required for means of living and improvement of capacities and assets/resources required for sustainable living.
- 3. Livelihood Capitals/assets 4/2/2023 3 khem.century@gmail.com 0 20 40 60 80 100 Natural Capital Physical Capital Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Livelihood Capitals
- 4. Natural Capital 4/2/2023 4 khem.century@gmail.com the natural resource stocks that people can draw on for their livelihoods, including land, forests, water, air and so on.
- 5. Rural Livelihood & Forest 4/2/2023 5 khem.century@gmail.com Foods Fodder/Grass Fuelwood Agricultural implements Timber/NTFPs LAND/FOREST RESOURCES Subsistence Farming Animal husbandry Energy Fruits/Leaves Medicine RURAL LIVELIHOOD
- 6. Social Capital 4/2/2023 6 khem.century@gmail.com the social resources that people draw on to make a living, such as relationships with either more powerful people (vertical connections) or with others like themselves (horizontal connections), or membership of groups or organizations. Generally relationships of trust, reciprocity, and exchange that the poor can draw on in times of need, and that lower the costs of working productively together. Social capital has an intrinsic value; good social relationships are not simply a means, they are an end in themselves.
- 7. Rural Livelihood & CFUG Social Resources 4/2/2023 7 khem.century@gmail.com Executive Committee Interest group Meetings General Assembly Meeting with DFO CFUG SOCIAL RESOURCES Leadership skills Cooperation Empowerment Linkages Trust/Harmony RURAL LIVELIHOOD
- 8. Financial Capital 4/2/2023 8 khem.century@gmail.com savings, in whichever form, access to financial services, and regular inflows of money
- 9. Rural Livelihood & CFUG Funds 4/2/2023 9 khem.century@gmail.com Sales of products Levies Donations Penalties Bank interests CFUG FUNDS IGA for pro-poor Soft loan circulation Seed money Finance in emergency RURAL LIVELIHOOD
- 10. Human Capital 4/2/2023 10 khem.century@gmail.com skills, knowledge, the ability to work and good health. Good health is not simply a means to earning a livelihood; it is of course an end in itself.
- 11. Rural Livelihood & CFUG 4/2/2023 11 khem.century@gmail.com Assembly/ Meeting Increased access to food+medicine Forest mgt operations Exposure Training/Workshop CFUG PROGRAMS Skills Knowledge Ability to work Good health RURAL LIVELIHOOD
- 12. Physical Capital 4/2/2023 12 khem.century@gmail.com the basic infrastructure that people need to make a living, as well as the tools and equipment that they use. For example, transport and communication systems, shelter, water and sanitation systems, and energy.
- 13. Rural Livelihood & CFUG 4/2/2023 13 khem.century@gmail.com Community Hall+communication Water supply/Water source conservation Rural electrification Rural roads Construction material CFUG PROGRAMS Improved house Electricity Internet Vehicles Access to clean water RURAL LIVELIHOOD
- 14. Capital formation through CF 4/2/2023 14 khem.century@gmail.com 0 20 40 60 80 100 Natural Capital Physical Capital Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Livelihood Capitals
- 15. 4/2/2023 15 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Assets Influence & Access Transformin g Structures & Processes Structure s-Levels of governme nt -Private Sector -Laws -Policies -Culture - Institutio n -Private Sector Process Livelihoo d Strategies -More income -Increased well-being -Reduced vulnerability -Improved food security -More sustainable use of NR base -Shocks -Trends -Seasonality Vulnerability Context Livelihood Outcomes N H P S F Source: DFID 1999
- 16. Sustainable Livelihood Framework 4/2/2023 16 khem.century@gmail.com The sustainable livelihoods framework is an effort to conceptualize livelihoods in a holistic way, capturing the many complexities of livelihoods, and the constraints and opportunities that they are subjected to. These constraints and opportunities are shaped by numerous factors, ranging from global or national level trends and structures over which individuals have no control, and may not even be aware of, to more local norms and institutions and, finally, the assets to which the households or individual has direct access.
- 17. Vulnerability context 4/2/2023 17 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Assets Influence & Access Transforming Structures & Processes Structures -Levels of governme nt -Private Sector -Laws -Policies -Culture - Instituti on -Private Sector Process Livelihood Strategies -More income -Increased well-being -Reduced vulnerability -Improved food security -More sustainable use of NR base -Shocks -Trends -Seasonality Vulnerabilit y Context Livelihood Outcomes N H P S F
- 18. 4/2/2023 18 khem.century@gmail.com Vulnerability Context The vulnerability context refers to the external environment in which people live • Trends • Shocks • Seasonality
- 19. 4/2/2023 19 khem.century@gmail.com Vulnerability Context Trends • national or international economic trends • changes in available technology, political systems
- 20. 4/2/2023 20 khem.century@gmail.com Vulnerability Context Shocks • illness or death • conflict • weather
- 21. 4/2/2023 21 khem.century@gmail.com Vulnerability Context Seasonality • of prices • production cycles
- 22. Vulnerability Context 4/2/2023 22 khem.century@gmail.com The vulnerability context is important because the three factors have a direct impact on the possibilities that poor people have to earn a living now and in the future. Wider economic conditions (economic trend) can create more or fewer opportunities; an illness in the family can deprive a family of an important source of income and can force them to sell important assets that they have built up. Seasonal shifts in prices, production and employment opportunities are one of the most enduring sources of hardship for poor people all over the world.
- 23. Transforming Structure and Process 4/2/2023 23 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Assets Influence & Access Transforming Structures & Processes Structures -Levels of governme nt -Private Sector -Laws -Policies -Culture - Instituti on -Private Sector Process Livelihood Strategies -More income -Increased well-being -Reduced vulnerability -Improved food security -More sustainable use of NR base -Shocks -Trends -Seasonality Vulnerabilit y Context Livelihood Outcomes N H P S F
- 24. 4/2/2023 24 khem.century@gmail.com Transforming Structure & Process •The 'transforming structures and processes' refer to the institutions and policies that affect poor peoples' lives, from public and private entities to national policies and local culture. •They can change both the vulnerability context and the assets to which poor people have access.
- 25. Livelihood Assets 4/2/2023 25 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Assets Influence & Access Transforming Structures & Processes Structures -Levels of governme nt -Private Sector -Laws -Policies -Culture - Instituti on -Private Sector Process Livelihood Strategies -More income -Increased well-being -Reduced vulnerability -Improved food security -More sustainable use of NR base -Shocks -Trends -Seasonality Vulnerabilit y Context Livelihood Outcomes N H P S F
- 26. 4/2/2023 26 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Assets The idea of assets is central to the sustainable livelihoods approach. Rather than understanding poverty as simply a lack of income, the sustainable livelihoods approach considers the assets that poor people need in order to sustain an adequate income to live.
- 27. Livelihood Strategies 4/2/2023 27 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Assets Influence & Access Transforming Structures & Processes Structures -Levels of governme nt -Private Sector -Laws -Policies -Culture - Instituti on -Private Sector Process Livelihood Strategies -More income -Increased well-being -Reduced vulnerability -Improved food security -More sustainable use of NR base -Shocks -Trends -Seasonality Vulnerabilit y Context Livelihood Outcomes N H P S F
- 28. 4/2/2023 28 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Strategies Based on those assets, and shaped by the vulnerability context and the transforming structures and processes, poor people are able to undertake a range of livelihood strategies - activities and choices - that ultimately determine their livelihood outcomes.
- 29. Livelihood Outcomes 4/2/2023 29 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Assets Influence & Access Transforming Structures & Processes Structures -Levels of governme nt -Private Sector -Laws -Policies -Culture - Instituti on -Private Sector Process Livelihood Strategies -More income -Increased well-being -Reduced vulnerability -Improved food security -More sustainable use of NR base -Shocks -Trends -Seasonality Vulnerabilit y Context Livelihood Outcomes N H P S F
- 30. 4/2/2023 30 khem.century@gmail.com Livelihood Outcomes As discussed earlier, poor people are usually obliged to combine a range of strategies in order simply to survive; individuals may engage in multiple activities, and the different members of a household may live and work in different places. The outcomes that they may achieve, all being well, could include more income, increased well-being, reduced vulnerability and greater food security.
- 31. Capital formation through CF 4/2/2023 31 khem.century@gmail.com 0 20 40 60 80 100 Natural Capital Physical Capital Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Livelihood Capitals