Planning Theory

1. A. COLLABORATIVE PLANNING
B. POLITICAL ECONOMY
PLANNING THEORY-II
PITER BISWAS
piterbiswas11@gmail.co
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2. A.COLLABORATIVE PLANNING

3. COLLABORATIO
NAs well as the concepts for collaboration via
team working noted above, a key aspect of this
ontology has been to make explicit the
concepts needed to represent the collaboration
of problem solving across different levels and
functional units. The ontology addresses this by
having two fundamental
entities:
• goals, representing problems to be solved
• plans (and tasks) representing the solutions to
the problems.

4. Collaborative Planning Workshop
Self-Assessment
WHAT DID I LEARN?
The purposes of this workshop
Look at your questions
Did we meet the purpose of the
workshop?
Did we answer your questions?
What did you learn well enough to
teach someone else?
What are your “new” questions?

5. Collaborative Planning
Model

6. FUTURE
WORKThe work reported is the initial ontology and
reasoning model of the Collaborative Planning
Model, undertaken during the IPP task. Further
work is required including:
• the general refining and filling out of details in the
ontology, based upon feedback, and hopefully
usage of the ontology on different ITA tasks,
• the specific working out of more team working
logic and the corresponding ontology definitions,
based upon a deeper understanding of the logic of
belief and team maintenance propositions, and the
experience of other tasks working on team working
approaches,

7. Continue…
….• the analysis of more realistic military examples,
and military doctrines, with a view to
characterizing the differences in doctrines, the
motivations for such differences, and the further
defining of the Doctrine entities,
• the input of cognitive factors to the plan
representation,
• the standardization of the reasoning across
different plan entities to permit assumption based
reasoning and replanning,
• the better use of OWL reasoning tools,
• the further develop of ontology tools, including
the validation, input and diagramming of

8. Conclusi
onIn this power point presentation, we have
developed a computational model for recognizing
the intentional structure of a discourse and using
that structure in discourse processing. Shared-
Plans are used both to represent the components
of intentional structure segment purposes and
their interrelationships, and to reason about the
use of intentional structure in utterance
interpretation.

9. B.POLITICAL ECONOMY

10. POLITICS IN ECONOMICS
 Terms POLITICS and ECONOMICS cannot be
separated from each other.
 As a discipline, economics viewed that political
factors are crucial in influencing and determining
economic outcomes.
 Modern economic analysis is a conceptual
approach viewing political phenomena in terms of
incentives and constraints.

11. POLITICAL ECONOMY
 According to Alt and Shepsle,
“ Political economy is defined as the study of
rational decisions in context of political and
economic institutions.”
 Political economy is basically about the
political nature of decision making and is
concerned with affect of politics on economic
choices in a society.

12. IMPORTANCE IN PLANNING
 Political economy observes that ‘actual policies’
are often different from ‘optimal policies’ due to
certain political constraints in the planning process.
 The political constraints refer to the constraints
due to conflict of interests among economic actors
in a society.
 Political economy helps in making collective
choices in the face of these interests.

13. Types of Political Economy
POSITIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY –
It explains how political constraints affect the choice of
policies and hence the economic outcomes differ from the
optimal policies.
NORMATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY –
It explains how with the existing political constraints,
societies can be led to best achieve specific economic
objectives.
This includes how to overcome the political constraints and
design the political institutions to better achieve economic
objectives.

14. CONCLUSION
 Political economy plays an important role of
explaining the relation between politics and
economics in the planning process.
 It observes and explains the effect of political
constraints on actual policies which often differ from
economic and optimal policies.
 Overall, political economy is considered in a
negative sense as it shifts away from the objective
of optimal policies and also slows down the planning
process due to the constraints occurring.

15. THANK YOU