This document discusses human development from conception through adulthood. It covers factors of development like heredity and environment. It describes the beginning of life with fertilization and the contents of sex cells including DNA and genes. Developmental stages are outlined from prenatal through adulthood. Principles of heredity are explained. Motor, speech, emotional, and moral development are also summarized. Potential effects of substances like alcohol and drugs on the developing embryo and fetus are listed.
2. Factors of Development
Heredity
The transmission of traits and characteristics from parents
to offspring.
It includes hereditary potentials such as : physical,
mental, social, emotion and moral.
Environment
The sum total of the forces or experience that a person
receives from conception to old age.
Schools, Family, Nutrition, etc.
3. The Beginning of Life
Female at birth has about 400,000 immature ova in
her two ovaries, right and left. Ovum, is the largest
cell of the female human body.
Sperm is an elongated cell that is shaped like a
tadpole. It is the smallest cell of the human body.
4.
5. Life starts from the moment of Fertilization when
conception begin.
Fertilization is the meeting of the ripe female sex cell
called ovum and the male sex cell called
spermatozoa in the fallopian tube.
6.
7. Inside of the Sex Cells
Spermatozoa – contain 23 pairs of chromosomes,
22 of which are pairs of X Chromosomes, and 1
unpaired Y Chromosomes.
Ovum – contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which
are all X.
8.
9. Both male and female chromosomes contain
several thousands of GENES.
Genes are small particles in string like formation
which are the true carrier of hereditary
characteristics of the parent.
10.
11. Within the genes is the substance called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is the code of
heredity
DNA – contain information and instruction about
the newly created organism. It programs the
changes and the traits that should take place due
to maturation and the period for their
appearance.
16. Developmental Stages
1. Prenatal Stage – starts from conception to birth
(280 days)
1. Period of Zygote – from fertilization to the end of the second
week.
2. Period of embryo – From second week to the end of the
second lunar month. (formation of organs and accessory
apparatus)
17. Accessory Apparatus:
Placenta – source of nourishment
Umbilical cord – the only real connection between the
unborn child and the mother which carries the
nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the child.
Amniotic Sac – a thin membrane that houses the fetus
and protects it from injury,
3. Period of fetus – this start from the end of the second
month to birth.
18. 2. Infancy – covers the period from birth to the
second week. It is the shortest and most
dangerous period.
3. Babyhood – from 2weeks of life to 2 years old.
4. Childhood – starts from the 2nd year of life to 10 or
12 years old.
5. Puberty – the transition period
6. Adolescence – teen years from 13-19
7. Adulthood - 19-40 y/o
8. Middle age – 40- 60 y/o
9. Old age – 60 - end
19. Principles of Heredity
Principle of Reproduction – “like begets like”
Principles of Variation
Principle of Chance
Principle of dominance and recessiveness.
Principle of Sex linked characteristics
22. Speech Development
At the early stage cooing, crying, bubbling and
gesturing are the means of child's communication
to adult.
Language begin when the child produces
bubbling sounds. Bubbling produces vowels and
consonants sound which encourages parents to
interact verbally with the children.
24. Stages of love that a young child shows:
1. Auto-erotic stage – interest in his body and
processes
2. Narcissistic stage – child’s love object is the SELF
3. Parental Stage – attachment to parents
4. Sexual latency stage – no prominent affection
5. Homosexual stage – during pre-adolescence,
boys and girls show affection for their own sex and
feel happy when they are with their own sex.
6. Heterosexual stage – stage of affection for
opposite sex.
26. Some possible effects on the Development of
the Embryo and Fetus during Pregnancy
1. Alcohol – mental retardation, addiction, hyperactivity,
undersized body.
2. Aspirin – respiratory bleeding
3. Caffeine – stimulates the fetus
4. Cigarettes – undersize, premature delivery and fetal death
5. Cocaine – spontaneous abortion, neurological problem
6. Heavy mental – retardation and still birth
7. Marijuana – birth defect
8. Paint fumes – mental retardation
9. Vitamin a – eye damage
10. Vitamin d – mental retardation
11. X-ray – malformation of organs
12. Rubella(German measles) – damage nerves, impaired vision,
hearing
Notas do Editor
Maturation – Is the unfolding of inherent traits.
Childhood – the formative years in the values, habits attitudes and behavior. This is the stage where skills and mastering of skills develop
Children resemble their parents in some traits or their grandparents. Heredity produces similarity among those who belong to the same family.
Heredity produces also differences
Ovulation and to which sperm will fertilized the ovum.
4.
5. There are traits that are carried by the chromosomes which determine sex.
