Wireless Past Present Future

W I R E L E SS
Prof Peter Cochrane OBE
p e t e r c o c h r a n e . c o m
P a s t

1 , 2 , 3 G
P r e s e n t

4 , 5 G
F u t u r e

6 G ? ?

P E R S P E C T I v E

T o l e s s e n m i s c o m m u n i c a t i o n
The term wireless has been used twice in communications history, with slightly different
meaning. It was initially used ~1890 for the
fi
rst wireless telegraphy transmitting and
receiving technology, until the new word radio replaced it ~1920.

Radios in the UK that were not portable continued to be referred to as wireless sets into
the 1960s. The term ‘wireless’ was revived ~1980/90s to distinguish digital devices that
communicate without wires or cables. This became its primary usage ~2000s, with the
advent of mobile broadband, WiFi and BlueTooth

P E R S P E C T I v E

D e f i n i t i o n & w i d e r c o n t e x t
N O W M o r e r e l e v a n t :

W i r e l e s s = C o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n t w o o r m o r e

d i s t a n t l o c a t i o n s / p o i n t s s a n s a n y

p h y s i c a l c o n n e c t i o n
Dictionary De
fi
nition: Wireless = The electromagnetic transfer of information between
two or more points that are not connected by

any electrical/electronic connection
Dictionary Definition: Radio = A technology for signalling and/or communicating
by EM waves between 30kHz and 300 GHz

H O L I S T I C S

M o d e s a n d M e d i a
F r e e

S p a c e

Va c u u m
S o l i d s

F l u i d s

G a s s e s
M a g n e t i c

E l e c t r i c

E M F i e l d s
P a s t
S o n i c s
C h e m i c a l

C o n s t r a i n t s

You can’t beat the Laws of Physics
Data

Rate
Distance
E M
F i e l d s
P a s tS o n i c s
S o n i c sC h e m i c a l
M a g n e t i c

E l e c t r i c
22.5 billion km

from Earth 2.8kb/s
NASA Voyager 1

5 Sept 1977
5, 4, 3, 2, 1G

WiFi BlueTooth
DTV
DAB
FM
AM

SatCom Line of Sight HFPr / Pt = Gr Gt (λ/4πd)2
Pr = Pt Gr Gt (λ/4πd)2

I N N O V A T I O N

P r e d i c t i n g t h e f u t u r e
T i m e
V e r y o b v i o u s e v o l u t i o nN
o
n
o
b
v i o
u
s
e
v o
l u
t i o
n
“New inventions and ideas

induce step changes and

new trajectories”

P R O P O S I T I O N

A n i m p e n d i n g d i s c o n t i n u i t y
V o i c e
D a t a
V i d e o
T h i n g s
More of
?The

Same

P R O P O S I T I O N

A n i m p e n d i n g d i s c o n t i n u i t y
V o i c e
D a t a
V i d e o
T h i n g s
S M A R T S
6G
The start of an entirely new
phase dominated by thinking,
fixed and mobile machines/things

D U M B t o S M A R T
Wired and wireless vehicle IoT
D o z e n s o f s e n s o r s ,
r e c o r d e r s , c o n t r o l
u n i t s , a g g r e g a t e d b y
o n - b o a rd a n a l y s i s w i t h
I o T / I n t e r n e t c o n n e c t
v i a m u l t i p l e c h a n n e l s
WiFi,3, 4, 5G Direc
t

to Service Centr
e

Communication

Direct Car-to-Car

Avoiding 3, 4, 5G Congestion

W h e e l F u t u r e s

Pa ss i v e - A c t i v e

A ss e m b l e d ? ?

P r i n t e d ? ?

D U M B t o S M A R T
- Materials inventory & supplier
s

- Production process detai
l

- Vehicle compatibilitie
s

- Full logistics record

- Storage historie
s

- Handling detail
s

- History of us
e

- Temperatur
e

- Humidit
y

- Stres
s

- Failure
s

- Repair
s

- Disposa
l

- Recycl
e

- Reus
e

- +++
- Dynamic element of a vehicl
e

- Performance optimisatio
n

- Parameter adjustmen
t

- Pressure adaptatio
n

- Suspension tri
m

- ++
+

- Reuse

- Repair

- Recycle

- Recover

- Replace

- Repurpose

R o b ot s At w o r k

C o n t r o l l e d I n s i d e t h e b o d y
No
Place or
space

for 5G
technology

N E W D I R EC T I O N

Intelligent, connected, conversational
Gateway to:

AIs

GPS

Mobiles

Voice I/O

Computers

Health Apps

Health Sensors

Secure Profiling

Wider Awareness

+++
Hearing Aids & Ear Buds
Real Time:

Data

Comms

Support

Analysis

Statistics

Navigation

Electronic ID

Decision Support

++++

I n t e r n e t o f p e o p l e

P e r s o n a l l y , l o c a l l y , g l o b a l l y c o n n e c t e d
Tagged Food Prepared/Consumed Food What we Do Are We Well ?
AnalysysInformed Diagnosis The Out

D e J A V u

Technology deployments
Time to deploy is getting shorter and
uptake rate is accelerating due to IT
cost/performance continuing to fall!

h y p o t h e s i s

B a s e d o n w h a t w e k n o w
• Human created mobile traf
fi
c is/has being/been overtaken by that of machine
s

• The growth of the tower population is slowing and may grind to a hal
t

• Network and device energy consumption is becoming critica
l

• No mobile network ever delivered on the initial promise
A n d o u r s u p p o s i t i o n :
• 5G ‘may be’ the last to use ‘towers
ÿþˇ

• 6G ‘may be’ dominated by dynamic mesh nets

• The era of frequency bands and channels ‘may be’ moribund

L O G I S T I C s

G r o w t h l i f e d e a t h
Nothing expands or grows forever - everything
is limited by entropy - energy, resources,
competition, order and disorder..

L O G I S T I C s

P r e c i s e s h a p e v a r i e s
Growth function in biology many other sectors
tends to be linear, exponential, and well behaved
- SO BE WARE that this is not always the case and
some situations/system see non-linear sporadic
bursts of growth and change - ie sporadic

boom and bust - weather systems,

global warming seismic activity!
t i m e
C h a n g e

P a r a m e t e r

T E C H

Like no other
Nothing we have invented,

created or produced has
grown like this for so long
NOTICE: The growth scale
is logarithmic and so this
linear looking graph gives
e n t i r e l y t h e w r o n g
impression at
fi
rst glance -
in reality growth is vertical
on a linear scale!
“The death of More’s Law has been
predicted to be a decade away for
the past 30 years….but it is no doubt

getting closer by defi nition….but

we have more tech choices in

front of us than ever before”

T E C H

Like no other
Nothing we have invented,

created or produced has
grown like this for so long
NOTICE: The growth scale
is logarithmic and so this
linear looking graph gives
e n t i r e l y t h e w r o n g
impression at
fi
rst glance -
in reality growth is vertical
on a linear scale!
“The death of More’s Law has been
predicted to be a decade away for
the past 30 years….but it is no doubt

getting closer by defi nition….but

we have more tech choices in

front of us than ever before”
Not to scale or

accurate - only
for illustrative

purposes!

M O B I L E s

P h o n e o w n e r s h i p
S m a r t D u m b
Z i pS m a r t D u m b Z i p
From ‘0’ to global domination in less
than 30 years from
fi
rst deployment in
NY (1973)

S A N I T Y C H E C K

H i s t o r y o f f a i l u r e t o d e l i v e r
“It is hard to
fi
nd another
industry that has promised so
much but delivered so little…
except broadband perhaps”?
Year 2000 reality

5G THE Promise

Biggest game changer in telecom ever ?
IoT Dominant

Tele-Robotics

Tele-Medicine

Tele-Education

Virtual Reality

Computer Games

Augmented Reality

Trunk/Local BackHaul

Optical Fibre Replacement

++++

++++

Improves your sex life !
Smart Cities

Smart Transport

Sensor Networks

Autonomous Vehicles

++++
There are elements of truth in most

of these statements but they need
quali
fi
cation case-by-case !
Reduced Costs

Lower Latency

Gbit Data Rates

Higher Reliability

Greater Resilience

Ultimate Flexibility

++++

5G THE Promise

Biggest game changer in telecom ever ?
IoT Dominant

Tele-Robotics

Tele-Medicine

Tele-Education

Virtual Reality

Computer Games

Augmented Reality

Trunk/Local BackHaul

Optical Fibre Replacement

++++

++++

Improves your sex life !
Smart Cities

Smart Transport

Sensor Networks

Autonomous Vehicles

++++
There are elements of truth in most

of these statements but they need
quali
fi
cation case-by-case !
Reduced Costs

Lower Latency

Gbit Data Rates

Higher Reliability

Greater Resilience

Ultimate Flexibility

++++

REality May
Be very

different

5 G T H E H Y P E

A ll things to all peoples everywhere

5 G T H E H Y P E

A ll things to all peoples everywhere Far MORE

EXciting

Low
Latency

VR AR: In 1990

P r o o f o f p r i n c i p l e t e s t s
• H o t

• H e a v y

• N o v e l

• G e e k y

• E y e S t r a i n

• H e a d a c h e s

• L a t e n c y

• P o o r A u d i o

• Te c h n o p h o b i a

• L o w B a n d w i d t h

• L o w R e s o l u t i o n

• U s e r Te c h n o p h o b i a

• R e s i s t a n c e t o C h a n g e
Bandw
idth

AND Latency

A
Problem

And Today

D e p l o y e d A l r e a d y
5G
BW
AND

LOW
Latency

A
W
INNER

5G
Demands
this level of
deployment

investment

5 G S A N I T Y C H E C K

P r o g r e s s i n g a h i s t o r y o f f a l l i n g s h o r t Verizon Reality 2019
“The only time 5G will deliver
1Gbit./s is when you are the
only connected user sitting
within sight of the tower”


H i s t o r y o f e r r o n e o u s p r o j e c t i o n s
“Making technology projections

is extremely easy, but predicting
what people will do with any
accuracy turns out to more or
less impossible”
Mobiles

on line
Connected

things
Places

on line
2017 Projections


F a i l u r e t o u n d e r s t a n d d e m a n d
No one is seeing or predicting a
slow down in growth - and at
the leading edge it continues to
accelerate


F a i l u r e t o u n d e r s t a n d d e m a n d
No one is seeing or predicting a
slow down in growth

6 G P r o j e c t i o n

T h i s p r e s e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t ‘ c h a l l e n g e s ’
We expect that 6G will expand and
accelerate everything - but we do
not have the technology, energy, or
materials to realise this dream …
yet! But we are working on it, and
sustainability depends upon getting
it right!


A w o r l d o f c o n n e c t e d ‘ S M A RT S ’


A w o r l d o f c o n n e c t e d ‘ S M A RT S ’
• T h e I o T = I I o T = I 2 o T = I n t e l l i g e n t I n t e r n e t o f T h i n g s
• W a l l s , w i n d o w s , s u r f a c e s , t e x t i l e s , s u r f a c e s b e c o m e s m a r t
• A r t e f a c t s , p o s s e s s i o n s , t o o l s , t h i n g s , e n v i r o n m e n t ( s ) c o n n e c t
• S e n t i e n c e e s c a p e s b i o l o g i c a l l y d e f i n e d b o u n d a r i e s
• T h e d a t a s p h e r e e x p a n d s e v e n f a s t e r
• P r o g r e s s c o n t i n u e s t o a c c e l e r a t e
“ T h e h u m a n - m a c h i n e p a r t n e r s h i p e x p a n d s f u r t h e r ,

a n d s o d o e s o u r j o i n t i n t e l l i g e n c e ”

What Have we Got?

W h a t d o w e a c t u a l l y n e e d ?

A r e t h e r e h i d d e n g o t c h a s ?

W e h a v e t o r e m e m b e r t h a t
t h i s i s o n l y a d e s i g n ‘ b a s i s ’
o f t h e p l a t f o r m a n d n o t h i n g
l i k e a c t u a l i t y !
F r o m a r e s i l i e n c e s t a n d p o i n t i t
l e a v e s u s e r s e x p o s e d t o a
h i g h ( i s h ) z e r o s e r v i c e p r o s p e c t ,

a n d p o t e n t i a l l y n o s e r v i c e
t h r o u g h o v e r d e m a n d d u e t o
u s e r c l u s t e r i n g

E N G I N EE R I N G

F r e q u e n c y r e u s e

C E L L S I z E

F r e q u e n c y r e u s e
I t i s c o m m o n p r a c t i c e t o

e m p l o y s m a l l e r c e l l s a n d

m a k e s u r e u s e r s h a v e
c o v e r a g e f r o m a t l e a s t
t w o d i r e c t i o n s i n o r d e r
t o i n c r e a s e r e s i l i e n c e
a n d o f f s e t t h e i m p a c t o f f
u s e r c l u s t e r s

C E L L S I T E

S i g n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
1 / d 2
d
P o w e r I d e a l
C e l l s i t e c o v e r a g e : n e v e r h e x a g o n a l ,
c i r c u l a r, u n i f o r m , s i n g u l a r o r 1 0 0 %
r e l i a b l e d u e t o g e o g r a p h y , b u i l d i n g s ,
i n t e r f e r e n c e , f i x e d a n d d y n a m i c
r e f l e c t i o n s p l u s t r a f f i c l o a d i n g
R e a l i t y

C E L L S I T E

R a d i a t i o n r e a l i t y
~ 3 0 0 m
5 - 1 8 D e g r e e s
A n t e n n a s a n d t o w e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e n e v e r i d e a l a n d w e
n e v e r g e t p l a n a r o m n i - d i r e c t i o n a l r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n , a n d i n
m o s t c a s e s t h e a n t e n n a f o c u s m a y b e a l o n g a f r e e w a y ,
r a i l r o a d , h i g h s t r e e t o r a c a m p u s / b u i l d i n g c o m p l e x

S C AT T E R I N G

F i x e d a n d D y n a m i c

S M A R T CE L L S

C o n n e c t i o n t r a c k i n g
To a n e x t e n t a l l o f t h e a b o v e
l i m i t a t i o n s c a n b e m i t i g a t e d b y
b e a m s t e e r i n g : i e f o c u s i n g t h e
t r a n s m i t t e d e n e r g y t o , a n d
r e c e i v e d e n e r g y f r o m , a u s e r s
d e v i c e

M o b i l e D E V I CE S

T h e f a r b i g g e r c h a l l e n g e
To g a i n m a x i m u m a d v a n t a g e
w e n e e d t o e n g i n e e r b e a m
s t e e r i n g a t b o t h e n d s o f
t h e l i n k … i m p o s s i b l e f o r
t h e m o b i l e d e v i c e a t l o w e r
f r e q u e n c i e s - i e 3 , 4 , 5 G ,
b u t w i t h i n o u r g i f t f o r 6 G ? ?
1 1 0 G H z C a r r i e r
C h i p / W a f e r d e s i g n
f o r f u t u r e m o b i l e u s e
1 7 G H z To w e r / M a s t

m o u n t e d a n t e n n a

B e a m S H A P I N G

M u l t i - b e a m s t e e r i n g
W o r k i n g w i t h M o t h e r N a t u r e

s e e s b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e a s
f r e q u e n c i e s i n c r e a s e r i g h t u p
t o o p t i c s a n d b e y o n d !

M e ta - M at e r i a l

3 D p r i n t e d a r r a y s e n m a s s
W o r k i n g w i t h M o t h e r N a t u r e s e e s b e t t e r
p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h f r e q u e n c y u p t o
o p t i c s a n d b e y o n d f o r s t e e r a b l e
b e a m s a n d s e n s o r d e v i c e s … t h i s i s t h e
s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r ‘ S m a r t S u r f a c e s ’
t h a t a r e i n t e l l i g e n t a n d i n t e r a c t i v e !

P h a s e d A R R AY S

T r a c k i n g m u l t i p l e t a r g e t s
M e t a m a t e r i a l p a n e l s a l l o w
1 - 3 0 G H z r a d a r a p p s a n d
p r o v i d e a l o w r a d a r p r o f i l e

1 G H z = ℷ = 3 3 c m

3 0 G H z = ℷ = 1 c m
T h e b a s i c c o n c e p t s g o b a c k t o
W W I I , b u t r e a l i s a t i o n s i n f l a t
p a n e l f o r m h a v e o n l y b e e n w i t h u s
f o r ~ 5 0 y e a r s . O r i g i n s g o b a c k t o
t h e c o l d w a r a n d t h e n e e d t o
t r a c k m u l t i p l e b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e s
T h e f i r s t ‘ t h i n ’ ( n e a r p r i n t e d )
l i g h t w e i g h t f l e x i b l e t e c h w a s
a p p l i e d t o a i r c r a f t s u r f a c e s i n
t h e l a t e 8 0 s a n d e a r l y 9 0 s

6G
5G
4G
3G
2G
1G 2G 3G
2.5G
Voice/human centri
c

Same tech genome 3.5G
~9 years
~9 years
~9 years
~9 years
4G 5G
Data centri
c

New genome
6G
Machine/Smarts centric

Radical genome !
7G? ~10 - 20kW
~3kW
~1kW
~0.5kW
G
re
ate
r
B
W

M
o
r
e
D
a
t
a

Low
er
Latency

D
e
n
se
r
N
e
t

H
igher
P
o
w
er
C Y C L E

E s t a b l i s h e d 1kW
???

S E G U E

I s t h a t i t ?
A d e e p t h o u g h t
e x p e r i m e n t t h a t
s t a r t s w i t h a b l a n k
s c r e e n / w h i t e b o a r d /
s h e e t o f p a p e r… .
S t a r t i n g p r o g r e s s i o n : L W ,
M W , S W , V H F , U H F , S H F . …
C W M o r s e C o d e , P S K , A M ,
F M , D S B , S S B , V S B … Q A M ,
Q P S K , O F M … .
S t a r t l i n g r e a l i s a t i o n :

W e h a v e n o d i g i t a l r a d i o s !
W e h a v e j u s t f i t t e d d i g i t a l
m o d e m s f r o n t b a c k o f
o l d a n a l o g u e d e s i g n s …

T I TA N I C S O S

P r e E l e c t r o n i c E r a
1 5 A p r i l 1 9 1 2 : a n d t h e t h e r m i o n i c
t u b e w a s 3 y e a r s i n t h e f u t u r e . A n d
s o , ‘ S p a r k T r a n s m i t t e r s ’ w i t h a
s i m p l e r e s o n a n t f i l t e r / a n t e n n a
w e r e t h e n o r m - t h i s w a s t h e f i r s t
w i d e b a n d a n d u l t r a - w i d e b a n d t e c h !

P r o g r e s s i o n

M o r s e f r o m 1 9 1 5 - 2 0 2 0


S S B f r o m 1 9 1 5 - 2 0 2 0

Our wireless history starts with ‘fork lift’ transmitters and receivers that
were big (very big) - consuming vast amounts of energy, raw materials and
real estate - equipments weighed in at tons and ate kW of power to serve/
reach vast regions of individual continents, countries and the planet - it was
all very expensive, unreliable, and relatively poor
fi
delity
L o o k i n g B a c k

C o n t i n u e t h i s p a t h o r n o ?

With coils, capacitors, resistors, tubes/valves - digital; was
all but impossible and analogue was the best you could do
…and you could only exploit the signal selectivity using
resonance, high and low pass
fi
lters, and use ampli
fi
ers,
oscillators and modulators…

T h i s l e g a c y i s a l i v e w e l l !

Without the transistor, integrated circuit, pcb, surface
mount components, and the possibility of digital formats,
there was no place to go other than making it smaller,
cheaper and prettier, but that is all we have done since

and it really is time to move on think anew

T h i s l e g a c y i s a l i v e w e l l !

57

1 9 2 0 l e g a c y i s a l i v e w e l l !

58
P r o g r e s s

I n c r e a s i n g s o p h i s t i c a t i o n

59
Is more and more of the same,
but smaller and better really
the way to go?
P r o g r e s s

Vastly improved components w e l l !

“Don’t get a distorted
perception due to the
logarithmic scale”
90% of human created wireless energy is
currently concentrated here
But there is 100x more
unused space here
S O H E R E W E A R E

An illusion of frequency, bands channels

S P E C T R U M M Y T H

The illusion of a crisis and a shortage

Actually it is m
ostly unused!


Actually it is m
ostly unused!
City of Chicago study 17%

of commercial spectrum used


“ I f w e h a d a r r i v e d h e r e t o d a y a n d h a d n o t
d i s c o v e r e d a n d d e v e l o p e d r a d i o ”
( I m p o s s i b l e I k n o w - b u t h u m o u r m e f o r a m o ! )
“ W o u l d w e d o a l l t h a t a n a l o g u e s t u f f : C W /
M o r s e , A M , F M , S S B … L W , M W , S W , V H F , U H F ,
S H F , M i c r o w a v e e t a l . ”
T h e O n ly Q u e s t i o n

N O !

“ W e w o u l d g o s t r a i g h t t o d i g i t a l ”
T h e O n ly A N S W E R

N O !

“ N o b a n d s , c h a n n e l s , r e g u l a t i o n , c o n t r o l ”
C O N S E Q U E N C E s

ks
Bns
Tns
Mns
1,000s
100s
Smarts
Tag
s

IoT
Devices
Hubs
Cell
s

0.5 - 10kW
Link
s

100W
Broadcas
t

1kW
Long, Mediu
m

Short Wav
e

M/kW

The long path to the digital era
1W
ÿþ5Ø�ß
W
ÿþ5Ø�ß
,n,pW
Powe
r

Distance
Numbers
Complexit
y

Functionality

ks
Bns
Tns
Mns
1,000s
100s
Smarts
Tag
s

IoT
Devices
Hubs
Cell
s

0.5 - 10kW
Link
s

100W
Broadcas
t

1kW
Long, Mediu
m

Short Wav
e

M/kW

The long path to the digital era
1W
𝜇
W
𝜇
,n,pW
Powe
r

Distance
Numbers
Complexit
y

Functionality
100% The need for regulation and control ~ 0%

FM
TV Optical
Mobile
WiFi
Opportunity
S P A C E

W h e re t o f o c u s

A W A R E N E S S

Safety is an engineering responsibility
High power causes burns Cancer/genetic mutation
We m u s t b e a w a r e o f s a f e t y
standards internationally agreed
levels for prolonged exposure

P h y s i c s R u l e s

This is the best result under ideal conditions
Notice that this is
an entropic format
vis Thermodynamics
bits/s
bits/s

S/N dB
BW Hz
Duration
T seconds
Back to Basics: Information
transmitted over a channel expressed as
a volumetric function of S/N, BW and
Time - Claude Shannon 1945/46
I = B.T log2(1 + k.S/N) bits
I ~ B.T.K.S/NdB
vv
T H R O U G H P U T

Going beyond the H-S formulation
Information ‘I’ = capacity x time
B = Bandwidth H
z

T = Time Second
s

S = Signal Powe
r

N = Noise Power

k 1 System constant a
s
nothing is perfect

S/N dB
BW Hz
Duration
T seconds
Back to Basics: The same
information transmitted over a
channel in three different modes using
S/N, BW and T as variable factors
O P T I O N S

3(4) Degrees of freedom
“Remember that I have applied a
degree of engineering licence here
in the interest of clarity”

R E V O L U T I O N

A t s o m e f u t u r e t i m e ?
I n v e r t e d t h i n k i n g : F r o m b i t / H z a n d s a v i n g b a n d w i d t h

To H z / b i t a n d ‘ w a s t i n g ’ b a n d w i d t h

S E G U A E

F o r c o n t e x t s s a k e
“ I t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t y o u s e e a l l o f t h i s
r e l a t i v e t o w h a t h a s g o n e b e f o r e , t h e l a c k
o f c a p a b l e t e c h n o l o g y , u n t i l r e c e n t l y , a n d
w h a t h a p p e n s w h e n p e o p l e a r e s e d u c e d b y
t h e c o m f o r t o f w h a t t h e y u n d e r s t a n d a n d
t h e e a s e o f j u s t g o i n g w i t h t h e f l o w ”
Tutorial = https://its-wiki.no/images/3/3f/Frequency_range_Zyyad.pdf

Today and The Past: The outmoded and largely dying past of
analogue transmission in distinct and defended bands

Today and The Past: The outmoded and largely dying past of
analogue transmission in distinct and defended bands
Today’s digital systems

look very similar with bands

and channels - QAM, QPSK

et al are wider, suffer the loss of
guard bands, plus interference and

intermodulation +++

300Hz 3500Hz
Uncode
d

Baseban
d

Speech
Parsed an
d

Ordere
d

Baseband
Parsed an
d

Randomise
d

Baseband
WWII: frequency parsing, random sideband inversion
and re-arrangement

Parsed an
d

Ordere
d

Baseband
The Cold War: Frequency hopping spread spectrum -
‘catch me if you can’
S
f Hz
time

Dwell

Time
The Even Colder War: Frequency hopping variable dwell
and hop time SSBSC spread spectrum
S
f Hz
time
Ho
p

Time

Subversive Communication: Frequency spreading analogue SS
f
f
f
t
t
t
X
Modulator/

Multiplier
Analogu
e

Input
Analogu
e

Output
Spreadin
g

Sequence 2.5kHz of speech spread ove
r

2.5, 25 or 250MHz hidden by
the thermal noise - undetected
and unheard

All Digital Future: How a digital future without bands employing
Sequence Spreading might look

Hide in The Noise: An interfering DSBSC signal creating a
minimal interference threat and vice versa
DSBSC Signa
l

well above the noise
Thermal Cosmi
c

Background Noise
Spread Spectrum Signa
l

well under the noise
Frequency and amplitude
axis not to scale
EG: Speech/Music

BW = 12kH
z

BW = 2GHz

BW ~ 5MHz
Extreme UWB

All digital - no mixers or filters
Synthesised QAM
Signal @ 4 bits/Hz
Hyper Wide Band
BW ~ 50GHz
0.0004bits/Hz
Negates phase noise, frequency
stability, reflections, interference

ac t ua l i t y - c i t y lo c at i o n
Sub-optimal (grossly inefficient) signal space occupancy
BandWidth
S/N
t
Signal space visibly available in
every dimension of channel and
band - to be used/exploited b
y

Spread Spectrum across as wide
a frequency range as possible…

A natural filter for a mix of
modes old and new!
Water
Oxygen
Water Water
Oxygen
60GHz Band = 7 GHz
57 - 64 = 7GHz
50 - 300 = 250GHz
50 - 300 GHz could be
used with occupancy
dynamically determined by
application and distance -
coding shaped spectrum to
occupy the signal space to
maximise usage…
R a n g e L i m i t i n g

Exploiting resonant peaks as a constraint

G r e a t e r t o l e r a n c e t o p h a s e n o i s e
Simpler synch/training sequences
Greater interference immunity
Simpler modulation/coding
Better spread efficiency
Greater adaptability
Less overall power
Faster acquisition
Higher bit rates
Higher utility
Better S/N
Advantage sans bands, channels and controls
m a ss i v e s p r e a d s
Lower energy demands = smaller batteries / longer up times

300GHz Electronics
Many of the base components
necessary are now commercially
available in pre-production and
production formats….
Not SciFi and technology - just engineering

c h a l e n g e s t o c o m e !

BlueToot
h

Short Rang
e

Device to Devic
e

Device to Cloud
WiFi/WiMa
x

Medium Rang
e

WLAN/Cloud
3, 4, 5
G

Long Rang
e

Device to Ne
t

Device to Cloud
SatCo
m

Broadcast
Con
fl
icted technologies
,

integrated and intelligen
t

security systems embedded

into all products and all components
Mix of narrow / wideband, short / long reach, modulation, coding
6G Car to Ca
r

Comms/Radar
/

Sensors ?
6G Car to Ca
r

Comms/Radar
/

Sensors ?

antenna WARS
Fractal designs have been the great white hope
for unified antennas spanning BlueTooth, WiFi,
3G, 4G - but they have not lived up to their
early promise - as yet !
A lack of device real estate

1
2
3, 4
5
6, 7, 8
9
Sub-optimal antennas in growing
numbers fighting for the same -
or less real estate create design
compromises that dictate a final
performance that is lacking
.

Ideally, we only need one ‘good’
antenna for 8 of the functions (Gs
+ WiF + BlueTooth) and one for
cordless charging and NFC!
antenna WARS
A lack of device real estate

our mission ?
“The maximal exploitation of the EM Spectrum to the
advantage of Man and Machine for the purposes of
communication, sensing, manipulation, and processing
ÿþ˛

“And to exploit the ‘spectrum space’ to best advantage
in every dimension including performance,
sustainability and longevity”

our mission ?
“The maximal exploitation of the EM Spectrum to the
advantage of Man and Machine for the purposes of
communication, sensing, manipulation, and processing
”

“And to exploit the ‘spectrum space’ to best advantage
in every dimension including performance,
sustainability and longevity”
THIS Demands FAR MORE
than
creative rf

Engineering

IT critically depends

on
new
materials et al

petercochrane.com
Fin

QA
“From connected body

to connected planet”

Wireless Past Present Future

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