From the begging of the industrial revolution, we have built systems and machines on the basis that people will just have to learn about the interface and adjust accordingly. And so the skill of the individual craftsman was overtaken and subverted by the expertise of the ‘operator,’ production line, and mass production enabling us all to do more-and-more with less-and-less, to raise living standards, the health and wealth of individuals and nations. In effect, we bent humanity into technology to meet the specific needs (and will) of the machines, but to the greater benefit of humanity! But now we stand at the cusp of a new era with AI and Robotics are able to adapt to our individual and most specific needs. That is: machines bend to meet our needs; to empower us as individuals and organisations to do and achieve ever more. But their remains one last bastion of inconvenience centered on ID and security - often referred to as ‘Password Hell’. We are all awash with multiple Cards, Licences, Visas, Passports, Badges, Codes, PINs, Passwords, User Names, IDs, Log-On, Log-In, Entry, and Exit Protocols! And so it is time to get all of this out of the domain of the human and into the realm of our machines! Today we are in the process of migrating from a nightmare past of our own design, into a biometric world where machines will recognise us and grant us access automatically. And at the fringe some young populations are already being chipped exactly in the same way our pets have been chipped for the past decades. Apart from the obvious advantage of not having to carry any money or ID of any kind, there is the assurance of extra safety, security and health support wherever we happen to be. It is not available right now, but beyond an ID Chip, we can easily embed, or provide links to, our medical record into the same technology. We, and not just our devices and possessions, also become a part of the IoT! Of course, for many, they see the threat of a looming dystopian future aka Hollywood! But this will be a choice between convenience and greater security versus what we have today - but that choice has to remain ours! In this presentation we look at the widening spectrum of technologies available and the need to concatenate widely different techniques to exceed the accuracy of DNA and other human/biological parameters

1. BIOMETRICS
OF ID & Security
Prof Peter Cochrane OBE
w w w. p e t e r c o c h r a n e . c o m

2. “ B i o m e t r i c s a re h u m a n p h y s i c a l ,
physiological or behavioural characteristics
that can be used to digitally identify a person
or engineer security in the granting of access
to systems, devices or data”
D e f i n i t i o n
C o n c i s e & S u f f i c i e n t

3. Identification: "Who are you?”
Authentication: “Are you really who you say you are?”
Behaviours: “Are you behaving/functioning normally?”
p u r p o s e
T h e s e c u r i t y n e e d

4. M i g r a t i o n
F a r m o r e n a t u r a l m o d e s
Name
Address
Age
Passport
Licences
Visas
DoBPostCode
UserName
Password
PIN
Dongle
Phone
M
obile
Account
TwoFactor
Mothers
Name
Favourite
Colour
M a n M a d e
U n n a t u r a l
C h a l l e n g i n g
I n c o n v e n i e n t
P e o p l e S e r v i n g
T h e Te c h n o l o g y
Hand/s
Finger/s
Face
Voice
Eye/s
Ear/s
Lips
Teeth
Hue
Movement
Gaite
Behaviours
Habbits
Style
Te c h S e r v i n g
T h e P e o p l e
N a t u r e
N a t u r a l
E a s y 2 u s e
C o n v e n i e n t
Typing
Writing
Keying

5. M o d e r n H i s t o r y
Stretches back to Pre-Babylonia/Pre-China

6. M o d e r n H i s t o r y
Stretches back to Pre-Babylonia/Pre-China

7. S P E C T R U M
T e c h n o l o g y / T e c h n i q u e
Cost
Complexity
Accuracy
Security
Strength
Popularity
Deployments
Ease of Use
Utility
Biometric
Behavioural
Walking
Talking
Moving
Typing
Writing
Touch
Stroke
The primary characteristics, parameters
& degrees of freedom at our disposal…
there are more but far less convenient!

8. T A R G E T S
S t r e n g t h e n o r O b v i a t e
We are all in Password/PIN overload and
a new/better/more natural solution is
long overdue and biometrics fits the
bill along with chip implants

9. G o v e r n m e n t
C r i m i n a l R e c o r d s
M e d i c a l S e r v i c e
B o r d e r C o n t r o l
W o r k P e r m i t s
O f f i c i a l I D
P a s s p o r t s
R e g i s t e r s
I D C a r d s
L i c e n c e s
C e n s u s
V o t i n g
V i s a s
+ + +
A p p l i c a t i o n S p a c e
I D , S e c u r i t y , V a l i d a t i o n , C o n v e n i e n c e , S u r e t y
A c c e s s
F i l e
S a f e
B a n k
R o o m
H o m e
O f f i c e
D e v i c e
V e h i c l e
C a m p u s
M a c h i n e
A c c o u n t
B u i l d i n g
+ + +
G e n e r a l
E n t e r t a i n m e n t
C e r t i f i c a t i o n
T r a n s a c t i o n s
E m p l o y m e n t
P u r c h a s e s
E d u c a t i o n
S e r v i c e s
S e c u r i t y
H e a l t h
T r a v e l
W o r k
P l a y
+ + +

10. A d va n ta g e s
I n r e l a t i v e c o n t e x t
Security: Unique ID - extremely difficult to forge/cheat/replicate
Accuracy: Exceeds our ability to recognise another human
Accountability: Certifying every transaction and interaction
Integration: Easy to engineer into existing operational systems
Spectrum: Universally applicable - buying a coffee to site access
Cost: Very cheap compared to the risks across the attack spectrum
Ceiling: In the limit accuracy by concatenation exceeds that of DNA

11. Recognition Field
I n t e c h a v a i l a b i l i t y c o n t e x t
Signature
Finger
Voice
Hand
Face
DNA
Dress
Typing
Talking
Writing
TXTing
Walking
Typing
Talking
TXTing
Writing
Walking
PIN Entry
PRINTS STYLE RYTHM PROFILE DYNAMICS
Face
Body
Colour
Weight
Thermal
Electronic
Gaze
Speech
Movement
Idiosyncrasies

12. “All lifeforms are constructs of the same ‘star-dust’ and share the
same base genes traceable for eons through evolutionary chains
to the primeval sludge that catalysed life in the beginning”
VA R I A N C E S
Across a vast spectrum
“All of humanity comes from the same fundamental seed, and we
share a common specification, but individually we are all so very
different and have been so for all time”
“Despite the many deltas; human-kind are very much
a single species with same hopes and worries”
“No two men, and no two women are identical/the same
within an ethnic group, and crossing the boundaries or
ethnicity sees those differences amplified”

13. C o n f o r m i n g
B y d e f i n i t i o n w e d o n o t
“Dimensioning humans against a notional artistic
perfection of beauty defined by simple geometric
measures sees none of us complying - and the
deviation from such an ideal template defines us,
makes us interesting, and makes us recognisable
and identifiable”

14. C o n f o r m i n g
B y d e f i n i t i o n w e d o n o t
“This applies to every physical and metaphysical
aspect of human form, function, and existence
to provide an infinity of variances against which
we can be measured for identification,
authentication and aberrations in activity”

15. V A R I A N C E S
Example o f j ust one p arameter
Age Years
Bone
Density
We have to take great
care when considering
aspects of this kind &
m u s t n o t o v e r l o o k
c a u s a l i t y : h i s t o r y ,
genealogy, climate, diet,
prosperity, societal
aspects and conventions

16. It is worth recalling the
history and the many failed
attempts to establish the
validity of physiognomies
that date back to Ancient
Greece - We should ‘never
judge a book by its cover’
V A R I A N C E S
Example of t he sp ectrum

17. Example: Camera height & angle,
head size & facial features, tonal
scales, mass distribution et a
It is worth recalling the
history and the many failed
attempts to establish the
validity of physiognomies
that date back to Ancient
Greece - We should ‘never
judge a book by its cover’
V A R I A N C E S
Example of t he sp ectrum

18. VA R I A N C E S
T h e l a n g u a g e s p e c t r u m
~6500 spoken languages
>65,000 dialects
>650,000 regional accents
>?? non-native speaking accents
>?? tonal scales
>?? colloquialisms, uphermisms, slang+
The Phrase Repeated in 15 Languages:
“I want to eat a pancake but I’m too
lazy to make it”!
Engineering a single engine to
translate this is a major challenge,
but recognising and/or identifying the
speaker is far easier!
S p o k e n D e m o n s t r a t i o n

19. S E G U A E
T h e p o we r o f D e l t a s
Mono-cultures in all lifeforms and systems created (in
isolation) so far including biological and human
societies are extremely efficient, brittle, ultimately
self damaging, unsustainable, and always short lived

20. S E G U A E
T h e p o we r o f D e l t a s
Mono-cultures in all lifeforms and systems created (in
isolation) so far including biological and human
societies are extremely efficient, brittle, ultimately
self damaging, unsustainable, and always short lived
“The diversity of people, teams, organisations, countries, civilisations and their
willingness to embrace differences, to adapt, adopt, innovate and change is what makes
them powerful and functionally effective. AND this is also true of biology and organisms
in general as well as our man-made networks and systems”
For our purposes the variety of
Deltas that our species exhibits
is an overt blessing available to
be exploited

21. Human
Macro
ou
Dimensioning
Human Macro
Physical Sizes, Skin Tones, Asymmetries, Blemishes,
Hair Colour, Stance, Thermal Profile + Dynamics
This data is generally disguised,
distorted, and/or lost under
clothing, be further degraded
by the dynamics of movement

22. GOING FOR THE
( I N ? ) V I S I B L E
The normally hidden detail
can be accessed using full or
partial body scanners to a
greater or lesser degree
It is expensive in time and $$
to access the hidden, but we
can ride the EM Spectrum for
more or less depth of detail
Mainly a safety and security
over modesty game that is
very hard to defeat, but not
entirely fool proof!
With an abundance of derivable metrics it
is only in the extreme that we have to
venture into the obscure and unseen

23. This data is ge
distorted, lost
degraded by
movement
Detailed characterisation of facial and other
body components into a field of data points
Human Micro
Dimensioning/Characterising

24. This data is ge
distorted, lost
degraded by
movement
Detailed characterisation of facial and other
body components into a field of data points
At a fundamental level we have an n-D
pattern matching problem of
reasonably slow stochastic variables
Human Micro
Dimensioning/Characterising

25. E N R O L L M E N T
N o t a l w a y s a r e q u i r e m e n t
Most systems require qualified/certified
datasets on which to base their measures -
but some AI/learning systems obviate this
by gathering data over long periods

27. R a c i a l B I A S ?
NO - BUT a really tough problem
“The Chinese heavily criticised the Apple iPhone (2017) because
of its poor facial recognition of individual Oriental faces”
“We (all humanity) suffer this problem with appearance, speech,
language and conventions across almost all ethnic boundaries”
“No surprise then, our machines find it difficult too - but it
can be designed out and our machines can/do perform
better than we can”
“In some countries ‘bias’ has been designed
in, but in many others it is all about
designing it out”

28. H o w B a d C a n i t B E ?
A v o i c e c o n t r o l l e d e l e v a t o r i n S c o t l a n d !

29. e x t r e m e s
Re l i g i o n / B e l i e f s / C u s t o m s
Body scanning using THz tech is one possible
solution, but we sometimes have to accept an
engineering defeat in the defence of decency/
privacy and resort to intervention by human
operators of the right gender
Hard to engineer THz scanning with
the subject on the move as high
energy is required to inspect over
relatively short distances

30. e x t r e m e s
M a n i n a B u r k h a - Re a l l y !
Is it a man or a woman? - Can we detect the
difference at a distance/in a crowd, and on
the move? Turns out be a challenge but not
impossible by people or by machine

31. e x t r e m e s
M a n i n a B u r k h a - Re a l l y !
Is it a man or a woman? - Can we detect the
difference at a distance/in a crowd, and on
the move? Turns out be a challenge but not
impossible by people or by machine
Body, head, hands, feet sizes plus an
inability of men to walk like a woman
are give aways along with a lack of
attention to the eyes!
Gait, size, shape and movement
analysis by machines gives a level of
auto-detection to be corroborated by
human skills followed by interception

32. e x t r e m e s
T h e m a g i c o f m a k e u p
Not easily recognisable as the same young
girl by us, but most of the cardinal points
are preserved and a recognition system
would win

33. e x t r e m e s
S a m e p e r s o n t ra n s f o r m e d
Not easily recognised as the same face: the
cardinal point are less distinct around the
eyes and mouth - facial lines fully
camouflaged

34. e x t r e m e s
S a m e p e r s o n t ra n s f o r m e d
Not instantly recognisable as the same face,
but most cardinal points remain distinct
but visible facial lines vary greatly

35. e x t r e m e s
G e n d e r b e n d e r s / i m p e r s o n a t o r s
This is so variable with body and face
shape, dynamics, skin texture, voice and
mannerisms - we are generally able to
spot the anomalies and so are machines

36. e x t r e m e s
O n l y p a r t i a l p o i n t s v i s i b l e
Detail loss of any one parameter in a
set certainly degrades the accuracy of a
technique, but this can be offset by
concatenating more biometric methods
17 Ponts10 Ponts 17 Ponts
Eye Scanning may
still be possible

37. UNIQue MarkerS
R e t i n a l a n d / o r I r i s P a t t e r n
After 3 months from
birth the iris is ‘set for
life’ and the vascular
p a t t e r n s a r e a l s o
reliable pending any
trauma or damage
RetinalVeins
Iris Pattern

38. UNIQue MarkerS
R e t i n a l a n d / o r I r i s P a t t e r n
After 3 months from
birth the iris is ‘set for
life’ and the vascular
p a t t e r n s a r e a l s o
reliable pending any
trauma or damage
RetinalVeins
Iris Pattern
At a high price - Iris characterisation
can be far more accurate than a DNA
sample!
Under ideal lab conditions the error
probability for Iris Scanning is ~10-22
with DNA~10-16 but the cost is
generally prohibitive

39. UNIQue MarkerS
I R i l l u m i n a t i o n / s c a n n i n g
A vivid and very
clear Iris Pattern

40. UNIQIQ MarkerS
V a s c u l a r S y s t e m o f t h e e y e
Thought to be stable from birth to death
but can be distorted by illnesses such as
hypertension, diabetes and cataracts

41. Can be combined with
fingerprints and vein
structure
UNIQIQ Marker
H a n d s u r f a c e l i n e s / c r e a s e

42. UNIQIQ Marker
V a s c u l a r s y s t e m o f h a n d
Banks of IR LEDs illuminate the palm or
back of the hand - the absorbed/reflected
light reveals the detailed patterns

43. UNIQIQ Marker
F a c i a l l i n e s a n d c r e a s e s
High definition cameras from multiple
angles can give highly accurate results -
but they change with age, health and
make up!

44. UNIQIQ Marker
L i n e s a n d c r e a s e s o n l i p s
High definition cameras can
give highly accurate results -
but lips change with age,
health & make up!

45. u n i q u e r H y t h m
M o r s e C o d e t o P I N t o T y p i n g
WWII Skilled listeners could
recognise ‘the hand’ of specific
operators on both sides including
agents

46. u n i q u e r H y t h m
M o r s e C o d e t o P I N t o T y p i n g
Now applied to typing and TXT/
operating patterns of all kinds

47. u n i q u e r H y t h m
M o r s e C o d e t o P I N t o T y p i n g
Now applied to typing and TXT/
operating patterns of all kinds

48. u n i q u e r H y t h m
M o r s e C o d e t o P I N t o T y p i n g
In 2001 a simple PIN keying pattern
recognition system was developed for
HSBC to enhance the PIN and Chip
Even if a thief knows the PIN and observes the
user making an entry it turns out to be very
difficult to mimic with sufficient accuracy to
fool the system
Totally invisible to the user and widely used
along with other features that cannot be
seen or detected by a potential thief
Some countries no longer have
or use ATMs - and they are
being phased out in the UK

49. UNIQIQ Marker
D e n t a l p a t t e r n s + r e p a i r s
Highly accurate but
change with time,
ageing, erosion, dental
repairs and they are
hard to access !
Appear to be mainly
used for the ID of
dead bodies - and
forensic evidence in
c a s e s i n v o l v i n g
violence and bite
marks +++

50. S c a l i n g
H i g h l y n o n - l i n e a r
90 99 99.9 99.99 99.999
~10
>100
>1000
>10,000
>100,000
Accuracy %
Every % point in
accuracy is gained, at
an exponentially rising
price
Commercial
Cost/Price $
Accuracy - Arithmetic
Cost/Price - Exponential

51. S c a l i n g
H i g h l y n o n - l i n e a r
90 99 99.9 99.99 99.999
~10
>100
>1000
>10,000
>100,000
Notice that these are both log scales -
the graph is really of this general form
Accuracy %
Every % point in
accuracy is gained, at
an exponentially rising
price
Commercial
Cost/Price $
Accuracy - Arithmetic
Cost/Price - Exponential
Very hight accuracy at very high cost
is nearly always possible - BUT NO
single test will give us a very high
accuracy at a very low cost

52. O B L I G A S T I O N
W e h a v e t o f i n d a s o l u t i o n
“Whilst it is permissible for the mathematicians and physicist
et al to declare that there is no solution to a problem, we in
engineering, enjoy no such luxury”

53. M A X I M s
E n g i n e e r i n g
“In general you get ~80% of what you need for 20% of the cost/effort”
“The concatenation of the imperfect can approach perfection”
“Nothing more powerful than a GOOD approximation”
“Never underestimate the power of iteration”
“Perfection is the enemy of progress”
“Near enough can be good enough”

54. M A T C H I N G
H a n d / F a c e / E y e
A computer can compare prints by using key features
and measuring the geometry - patterns of distances
and angles then give unique digital codes
Electrical conductivity/capacity scanners tend to be
less accurate/flexible but at a very low price. The
fingerprint ridges contact the pad to provide a near
unique ‘picture’ of the contact area/span distances.
Technologies like this are similar to the screens of mobiles
and tablets + some laptops
Once we have captured the data, then the processing
and analysis costs virtually nothing. The complexity
and cost lies in the hardware of capture!

55. F a c i a l
T w i n s T e s t
A very low cost mobile phone integrated
solution using standard hardware (camera)
plus an app for face and then face and eye

56. F a c i a l
T w i n s T e s t
A very low cost mobile phone integrated
solution using standard hardware (camera)
plus an app for face and then face and eye
Key lesson from this demo - if you
have a low cost solution that works
then you need at least a second or
third to be sure!
The most obvious third element that
could be introduced would be a
fingerprint followed by a voice print
Error probability ~
10-2 x 10-2 x 10-2 x 10-2
10-4 x 10-6 x 10-8

57. G a i t R e c o g n i t i o n
R e a l T i m e a n a l y s i s i n m o t i o n

58. G a i t A n a ly s i s
A n a l y s i s o f l e g f o r c e s

59. C a m p u s V i s i t o r
R e a l - t i m e c a m p u s a n a l y s i s

60. G a i t A n a ly s i s
H o r s e a n a l y s i s / d e m o

61. P r o d u c t s
S i m p l e t o C o m p l e x
Single fingerprint readers require >500 dpi
- often realised on a single CMOS chip that
also includes processing and memory
F r o m $ 2 T o $ 2 k
T o u c h S c r e e n C u s t o m S e n s o r
E r r o r < 5 % E r r o r < 1 0 - 6 %
8 x F i n g e r s
2 x T h u m b s
B o t h P a l m s
1 x F i n g e r
1 x F i n g e r

62. E V O L U T I O N
L o w c o s t c o n c a t e n a t i o n
Low Medium High
Password Fingerprint 3D + IR Face
DNA3D FaceIR Face2D Face
Finger + Palm
Finger + Palm
3D + IR Face

63. E V O L U T I O N
L o w c o s t c o n c a t e n a t i o n
Low Medium High
Password Fingerprint 3D + IR Face
DNA3D FaceIR Face2D Face
Finger + Palm
Finger + Palm
3D + IR FaceCumulative
Cost Linear
Geometric
Security
Exponential
Cost
Security
Concatenation
Degree

64. Cost Analysis
N o t r e a l l y f e a s i b l e
Performance/$ is improving exponentially
with costs spanning $1 - $3k for mobile,
laptop and custom units
2 June 2020
z
The wide range of factors, modes, models, and tech renders a simple cost comparison impossible/worthless

65. D o m i n at i o n

66. F U T U R E
S c a n d i n a v i a N o w

67. F U T U R E
S c a n d i n a v i a N o w

68. F u t u r e
G e n e r a l O v e r v i e w
Tending to InvisibleHighly Visible
Biometrics/CyberSec becomes
f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a l l
systems to be unseen by users
Chip Implants

69. T h a n k Y o u
“There is always a threat”
www.petercochrane.com