1) In colonial Virginia, Africans were initially viewed negatively and seen as primitive, but were still used as indentured servants. They were assumed to be captured and sold. 2) Over time, Africans became slaves as laws were passed declaring slave status would be inherited and preventing interracial relationships. Thomas Jefferson owned slaves and profited from their labor and reproduction. 3) Abolition of slavery in the North did not eliminate racism and discrimination against African Americans, who faced barriers to employment, housing, and equal treatment before the law. Racism persisted subtly in practices and social norms.

1. Slavery Josh Powers & Kristen Helinski

2. How the English Preceded the Africans Mainly by their color In their mind the color black was freighted with an array of negative images “Deeply stained dirt, foul, dark or deadly, malignant, sinister and wicked” White was seen as pure, innocent or good.

3. Shakespeare’s Portrayal Shakespeare’s play introduced a character, Prospero, a common English man and Caliban, a man who was “driven by the passions of the body”, or in other words and African The play described much of how the English felt in the colonial settlement of Virginia They wanted to destroy anything with primitive aggressions which they considered the “Negros”

4. Colonial Virginia The Africans were assumed to be captured from war or raids on enemy tribes before being sold Africans were sold as indentured servants, people who were to repay their freedom with work There weren’t many Africans in colonial Virginia at first because to the negative image given by African Americans

5. Indentured Servants Outcasts of society Convicts, vagabonds, whores, cheats, and rogues Endured horrible conditions and expect to perform strenuous work

6. Black and White Workers Hostility between workers of different colors but sometimes small unions formed Some black and white workers would run away together Blacks were singled out for harsher conditions Longer working periods and harsher punishments for wrong doing Blacks were highly valued compared to English indentured servants Especially Negro women because of their ability to reproduce and esenitally create more slaves Found it difficult to find work and places to live after being let go

7. Bacon’s Rebellion Struggling freed slaves were finding it increasingly hard to obtain a job or place to live Seen as a threat to society because of potential revolt Led by Nathaniel Bacon Troops were made up of whites and blacks

8. Who was considered slave worthy? In 1662, Legislation declared that children born in Virginia should be slave or free according to the condition of their mothers Smaller Laws issued prevented interracial unions and punishment for anyone who violated them The Anti-miscegenation Law- a white mother of a racially mixed child would be subject to banishment and the child would be enslaved Mulattoes became slaves because they were classified as black

9. Thomas Jefferson Active in the selling and buying of slaves Considered the wealthiest man because of his ownership of properties and slaves Believed in “breeding woman” Had devoted women for childbearing Viewed children as more profit then a crop Didn’t agree with freeing slaves because felt whites and blacks could never co-exsist Didn’t agree with interracial relationships but was rumored to have bore children with a former slave, Betty Hemmings

10. Intro Southern slavery was obvious – they were property Northern – slavery was abolished, but African Americans were still degraded More subtle Black man would be cleaning white man’s shoes

12. North of Slavery 1860: 225,000 African Americans lived in north and were “free” Blacks: “north of slavery” “Although they are allowed to worship the same God as whites, it must be at a different altar and in their own churches with their own clergy” – Alexis DeTocqueville “city of brotherly love” the scene of bloody anti-black riots Law was there – practice was not

13. Was “Sambo” Real South – 4 million African Americans were slaves 35% of population in 1860 Grueling work for hours upon hours “Sambo” – “childlike, irresponsible, lazy, affectionate, and happy” Slavemasters ENJOYED bonds between them and their childlike slaves

14. Fredrick Douglas: Son of His Master Douglas was slave in the Auld home Mrs. Auld treated him as her own child She would educate him, teach him to read, etc. Mr. Auld found out and scolded her “to never educate a nigger” Douglas realized he could be free in North This encouraged him to find ways to get education Mr. Auld wanted to make him a better slave

15. Fredrick Douglas: Son of His Master He had Mr. Covey take him as a slave until he was “broken” and knew nothing but how to be a slave Douglas still dreamed of escape “I would rather get killed running than die standing” He snapped and grabbed slavemaster by neck He realized he wasn’t afraid to die at this moment Eventually escaped Become big advocate for the abolition of slavery in north

16. Martin Delany: Father of Black Nationalism Douglas thanked God for making him a man – Delany thanked God for making him a black man Son of slave father and a free mother Even being free he felt extreme pressures of racism (even in north) Delany accepted at Harvard Med Other students claimed their admittance would lower reputation and lower value of diploma Caste, not Class – not rich vs. poor, but black vs. white

17. Martin Delany: Father of Black Nationalism Delany believed as long as black and whites were in America, racism would exist Blacks could not escape white suppression