This document discusses key concepts and techniques for analyzing migration patterns. It begins by defining migration as a change in usual residence between geographic units, and defines related terms like migrants, place of origin/destination, migration streams, and types of migration. It then discusses major data sources for migration like censuses and surveys. The document outlines several methods for measuring migration patterns, like using place of birth, duration of residence, and survival ratios. It concludes by discussing determinants and consequences of internal migration and references for further information.
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Migration Concepts and Techniques
1. POPULATION AND HEALTH : TECHNIQUES OF
ANALYSIS AND POLICY PERSPECTIVE
MIGRATION CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES
OF ANALYSIS
1 MA (SDP), 2nd Semester, 2012
2. INTRODUCTION
Uneven distribution of human population in space-
undergoes changes over time
Modern times- uneven distribution disproportionately
higher for urban areas
Migration is the third basic factor affecting change in
the population of an area
Important element in growth of labour-force
Demography of migrants and non-migrants- its
importance in socio-economic, development aspects
3. KEY CONCEPTS IN MIGRATION STUDIES
Migration is a form of geographic or spatial mobility
involving a change of usual residence between clearly
defined geographic units. It involves two areas, place of
origin and place of destination.
Two specific lacuna in the definition, i.e, excludes-
Short-term or cyclical or Circulatory or temporary movements
non-comparability overtime due to change of boundary
Migrant: person who has changed his usual place of
residence from one migration-defining area to another at
least once during the migration interval (usually, interval
may be one year, five years, or ten years, or inter-censal
period)
4. CONTINUED…
Migration Interval:
Fixed-term or period migration: The interval may be definite,
e.g. one year, five years, ten years, the inter-censal period.
Life-time: or indefinite i.e.,- life-time migrant
Place of Origin: starting point of ‘migration’ i.e.,
a) an area of residence at the beginning of migration interval,
or,
b) an area of residence from which last move was made for
the current migration interval
Place of Destination: terminal point of ‘migration’, at end
of the migration interval
5. CONTINUED…
In-migration: ‘move’ in respect to place of destination. International
move- Immigrant, within country- In-migrant
Out-migration: ‘move’ in respect to place of origin. International move-
Emigrant, within country- Out-migrant
Gross Migration: data referring all migration (in/out) in respect to
specific origin/destination, over a specific interval
Net Migration: data referring to only ‘balance’ of movement in opposite
directions, in respect to specific origin/destination, over a specific
interval
Migration Stream: group of people moving during a given migration
interval that have a common area of origin and of destination
Lifetime Migration: A person whose place of residence at
census/survey date is different from his place of birth is a lifetime
migrant
6. TYPES OF MIGRATION
International migration- takes place across international
boundary. Refers to socio-economic and political conditions,
especially immigration and emigration laws and policies
Internal Migration- occurs within a country. Refers to socio-
economic spatial situations within a country. Further grouped
into;
I. Rural to Rural migration
II. Rural to Urban migration
III. Urban to Rural migration
IV. Urban to Urban migration
R-U: most important. Contributes to transfer of labour force
from the traditional agricultural sector to the urbanised industrial
sector
Each of these migration streams has different premises, causes
and consequences.
7. TYPES OF MIGRATION
Migration Stream may be further categorized into-
Intra-district migration
Inter-district migration
Inter-State migration
International migration
Categories based on reasons for migration:
Marriage migration;
Labour migration or migration of people for work, employment, etc.;
Migration for prosperity;
Refugee migration arising due to political or other reasons
Migration due to natural calamities;
Return migration; and
Brain-drain, migration of professionals from developing to developed
countries.
‘Single migration’ & ‘Family migration’
8. SOURCES OF DATA- MIGRATION
Analyzing changes in pop-structure and labor force of an area:
number and characteristics of persons entering or leaving an area
is required, together with census data on population size and
vital statistics.
Three most vital sources of migration data-
Censuses
Surveys
Population Registers
Basic migration data and their characteristics
Place of birth data: difficulties in collection and interpretation, i.e., return
migrants
Place of last residence: Data on the place of last residence also suffer
from absence of a definite time reference
Duration of residence: return migrants and provides the timing of last
move
10. DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNAL
MIGRATION
Determinants:
i) Development/Underdevelopment and Migration
ii)Spatial disorganization and Internal Migration
Consequences:
Consequences on Rural Areas
Effect on rural incomes and its distribution
Effect on rural capital formation and technological
change
Effect on modes of rural production
Effect on rural fertility
11. Consequence on urban areas:
Effect on wages and unemployment
Effect on labour force participation
Effect on availability of urban amenities
Effect on urban income distribution
Effect on urban development
Effect on demographic structure of urban population
12. MEASURES IN MIGRATION
Measurement and analysis of migration for population
estimates and projections-
I) Estimation of lifetime from place of birth data
Place of Birth Place of Enumeration
A B C D
A A11 A12 A13 A14
B A21 A22 A23 A24
C A31 A32 A33 A34
D a41 A42 A43 A44
1) Out-migration from A, x1= A12+A13+A14
2) In-migration to A, y1: A21+A31+A41
3) Non-migration for A: A11
4) Therefore, net-migration for A = (y1-x1)
13. II) Estimation of Inter-censal Migration from place of birth
data
Estimated by subtracting the survival of migrants counted in the first census
from the migrants counted in the second census
Indirect estimate of inter-censal net-migration:
NM = (It+n - Ot+n) - (SIIt - So Ot)
Where It - number of lifetime in-migrants at time t in a particular area,
It+n - number of lifetime in-migrants at time t+n in that particular area,
Ot - number of lifetime out-migrants at time t from that particular area,
Ot+n - number of lifetime out-migrants at time t+n from that particular area,
NM - net inter-censal migration.
SI and SO are intercensal survival ratios indicating what proportions of It and Ot that will
survive during the inter-censal period.
14. CALCULATING OF SURVIVAL RATIO
Pn+, t+n
S =
Pt
Where,
Pn+, t+n= population aged n and above at time t+n
n = interval between the two censuses
Or, from life-table available for intercensal period,
Tn
S =
To
where, Tn and To are stationary population above age n
and o respectively.
15. III) Estimation from Duration of Residence Data
Question asked: How long have you been living
in this place?'
In-migration can be decided as follows:
Duration of residence as on Period of in-migration
1.3.2001
Less than one year 1.3.2000 to 1.3.2001
1 to 5 years 1.3.1996 to 1.3.2000
6 to 10 years 1.3.91 to 1.3.1996
11 years and above before 1.3.1991
16. IV) Estimation of Migration from Place of Residence at a
Fixed Prior Date Data
Life-time and Current Migration Streams to and from Place P
Place
of
Origin Recent migration stream 1986 - 91 Life-time migration stream 1991
To place From place P Net To place P From place Net
P Balance P Balance
A1 I1 O1 + N1 I11 O11 - N11
A2 I2 O2 + N2 I21 O21 + N21
A3 I3 O3 + N3 I31 O31 - N31
A4 I4 O4 - N4 I41 O41 + N41
A5 I5 O5 - N5 I51 O51 - N51
I O +N I1 O1 + N1
17. INDIRECT MEASURES:
I) National Growth Rate method:
i i
Pt + n - Pt - Pt + n - Pt
mi = i
100
Pt Pt
Where,
Pt, Pt+n denotes the national population at time t and t+n.
Pti, Pit+n denotes the population of area i at time t and
t+n.
Assumptions,
1) Pop-growth is equal everywhere
2) Closed to international migration
18. II) Vital Statistics Method (Residual Method)
Net intercensal migration = (Pt+n - Pt) - (B - D)
Where,
Pt, Pt+n are the total population at two successive censuses of the area
B and D are the number of births and deaths occurred to the residents
of the area in intercensal period
19. III) Census Survival Ratio Method (CSR Method):
Is the ratio of the population aged x+n at a given census to the
population aged x at the earlier census taken n years earlier
CSRs are computed for a nation as a whole for a closed population
Net migration among survivors of persons aged x for area i:
Px+n, t+n
Net Mi (x) = Pi, x+n, t+n - Pi, x, t
Px, t
where,
Pi, x, t = Population in the ith area in a particular age group x at the first
census (time t)
Pi, x+n, t+n = Corresponding population in the ith area n years older at the second
census (time t+ n).
Px, t and Px+n, t+n = Corresponding population of the country as a whole in the two
successive censuses (time t and t+n respectively).
Net Mi (x) = Estimate of net migration in the ith area in a particular age
group.