Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Cancer and its treatment
1.
2.
3. CANCER
▪ As per cancer research U.K it is a terrifying disease where ‘ Cells grow
out of control and invade , erode and destroy normal cells.
▪ Cancer develops because of a complicated interaction between our
genes, the environment and chance.
4. CAUSE OF CANCER
▪ As genes switch on and off, they determine when and how fast the cell will grow
and divide, when it will stop dividing, and even when it will die
▪ Cancer can result when controls over cell division are lost.
▪ It is initiated by :
1. Chemicals- like alcohol and tobacco.
2. Diet and exercise- excessive diet, obesity and inactivity.
3. Infection – Viruses like oncovirus, bacteria and parasites.
4. Radiation- Ionizing radiations from medical imaging and radon gases and non-ionizing
ultraviolet radiation.
5. Heredity- Inherited genetic defect
6. Physical agents- glass wool, powdered cobalt, nickel and crystallite silica.
7. Hormones- growth hormones promote cancer through cell proliferation.
6. SOME TUMORS ARE CANCER, OTHERS
ARE NOT
Cells in a tissue overgrow
Resulting defined mass: tumor
Benign, e.g., moles
Slow growth
Expands in the same tissue; does not spread
Cells look nearly normal
Malignant
Rapid growth
Invades surrounding tissue and metastasizes
Cell differentiation usually poor
7. CANCER CELLS ARE ABNORMAL IN THEIR
GROWTH AND APPEARANCE- FALSE FEET IS
COMMON FEATURE
8. ▪ Initiation -important change introduced into cell
▪ Probably through DNA alteration
▪ More than one event probably needed for tumor production.
▪ Reversible unless and until treated.
▪ Promotion -biochemical event encourages tumor
Formation and growth.
▪ Genetically need both initiation and promotion
▪ Initiators, promoters may be toxins OR radiation OR viruses)
STEPS TO CANCER
9. CANCER IS A GENETIC DISEASE
▪ Cancer is a genetic disease that develops in a predictable
sequence of steps
Carcinogenesis
• Transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous cell
• Step-by-step transformation
10. SOME MAJOR TYPES OF CANCER
▪ In general, a cancer is named according to the type of tissue
in which it first forms
Sarcomas: cancer of connective tissue
Carcinomas: cancer arising from epithelium
Lymphomas: cancer of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia: cancer of blood
Gliomas: cancer of brain glial cells
12. SURGERY:
▪ Surgery was the first modality used successfully in the treatment of cancer.
▪ It is the only curative therapy for many common solid tumors.
▪ The most important determinant of a successful surgical therapy are the absence of
distant metastases and no local infiltration.
13. CONT:
▪ Microscopic invasion of surrounding normal tissue will
necessitate multiple frozen section.
▪ Resection or sampling of regional lymph node is usually
done.
▪ Surgery may be used for palliation in patients for whom
cure is not possible.
▪ Has significant role in cancer prevention.
14. SURGERY FOR PREVENTION:
▪ Patients with conditions that predispose them to certain cancers or with genetic
traits associated with cancer can have normal life span with prophylactic surgery.
-colectomy .
-oophorectomy.
-thyroidectomy.
-removal of premalignant skin lesion .
16. RADIATION THERAPY:
▪ Radiation therapy: is a local modality used in the treatment of cancer .
▪ Success depend in the difference in the radio sensitivity between the tumor and
normal tissue.
▪ It involves the administration of ionizing radiation in the form of x-ray or gamma
rays to the tumor site.
▪ Method of delivery: External beam Radiotherapy(teletherapy).
Internal beam therapy(Brachytherapy).
Permanent brachytherapy is often performed for prostate cancer using "seeds" -
small radioactive rods implanted directly into the tumor.
17. CONT:
▪ Radiation therapy is planned and performed by a team of nurses,
dosimetrists,physician and radiation oncologist.
▪ A course of radiation therapy is preceded by a simulation session in which low-
energy beam are used to produce radiograghic images that indicate the exact beam
location.
18. CONT:
▪ Radiation therapy is usually delivered in fractionated doses
such as 180 to 300 cGy per day,five times a week for a total
course of 5-8 weeks.
▪ Radiation therapy with curative intent is the main treatment
in limited stage Hodgkin’s disease. Also can use in palliative
&emergency setting.
19. COMPLICATION OF RADIATION:
▪ There is two types of toxicity ,acute and long term toxicity.
▪ Systemic symptoms such as Fatigue,local skin reaction,GI
toxicity.
▪ Long-term effect may occur many months or years after
radiation therapy.
▪ Radiation therapy is known to be mutagenic,
carcinogenic,and teratogen,and having increased risk of
developing both secondary leukemia and solid tumor.
21. RADIONUCLIDES:
▪ For decades have been used systemically to treat malignant
disorders.
▪ They are administer by specialists in nuclear medicine or
radiation oncologist.
▪ Radioactive iodine:in the from of 131I is effective therapy for
well differentiated thyroid ca
▪ Strontium-89. Is used for the treatment of body
metastasis.it is an alkaline earth element in the same family
as calcium
23. CHEMOTHERAPY:
▪ Systemic chemotherapy is the main treatment available for disseminated malignant
diseases.
▪ Progress in chemotherapy resulted in cure for several tumors.
▪ Chemotherapy usually require multiple cycles.
24. CLASSIFICATION OF CYTOTOXIC DRUG:
▪ Cytotoxic agent can be roughly categorized based on their activity in relation to the
cell cycle.
phase nonspecific. phase specific
cytotoxic drug
25. CONT :
▪ What is the difference between phase specific & phase non
specific?…..
▪ Phase non-specific:
▪ The drugs generally have a linear dose-response curve
Phase specific:
▪ Above a certain dosage level,further increase in drug
doesn’t result in more cell killing.but you can play with
duration of infusion.
28. COMPLICATION OF CHEMOTHERAPY:
▪ Every chemotherapeutic will have some deleterious side effect on normal tissue .
▪ E.G; Myelosuppression,nausea&vomiting,
Stomatitis,and alopecia are the most frequently observed side effects.
29. CRITERIA USED TO DESCRIBE
RESPONSE ARE:
▪ Complete response (complete remission)is the
disappearance of all detectable malignant disease.
▪ Partial response :is decrease by more than 50% in the sum
of the products of the perpendicular diameters of all
measurable lesions.
▪ Stable disease :no increase in size of any lesion nor the
appearance of any new lesions.
▪ Progressive disease :means an increase by at least 25% in
the sum of the products of the perpendicular diameters of
measurable lesion or the appearance of new lesions.
Notas do Editor
Negative effects of immune system.quartz
E.g familial polyposis coli.
Surgical removal of colonRemoval of ovariesRemoval of thyroid gland
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cyto toxic anti-nucleoplastic drugs .
Alkylating agent- they are so named because of their ability to alkylate many nucleophile functional groups under conditons present in cellAnit metabolites- they masccarade as pyrines or pyramidines which become the building blocks of DNA. They protect the subtstance from being incorporated into DNA during the s phase of cells.Plant Alkaloids- these alkaloids derived from plants and block cell division by preventing microtubule function.Microtubles are vital for cell to divide and without them cell division cannot occur.Immuno therapy- it is a medical term defined as a treatment of disease by enchancing or suppressing immune response.Immunotheraphy is designed to illicit or amplify an immune response are classified as active immune therapyWhile those suppress are called suppression immunotherapy .
Stomatitis- is inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth. Which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, throat, and just afte the mouthAlopecia- means loss of hait from head or body . Causes baldness.
