1. 1
Table of contents
Introduction……………………………………….2
Contents
Chronology Major Aircrash Disaster..3
How It Happen…….………………………..5
What Problem Causes Aircrash…..…..6
Investigation………………………………….7
Solution ………………………………………..8
Conclusion…………………………………………9
Bibliography………………………………………10

2. 2
Introduction
ravelling by air is often referred to as one of the safest means to move from one point to
another. Despite this high safety level, aircraft crashes can happen. This assignment
gathers data about these air crash : Causes ,How it happen, Kronology Major Disaster,
Solution and Investigation
Flying can be very scary for some. Many people would rather not ride in an airplane
because of fear of being involved in a tragic plane crash. This is just common since aviation
accidents really do happen at times.Aviation accidents can lead to disastrous results. Passengers
are at risk every time they travel by airplane or other aircrafts. They can never tell if an
unforeseen tragedy will cause them their lives, or injure them severely. It is unnerving to think
that it might be the last time they will be stepping in on a plane.
When we talk of aviation accidents, what does this specifically refers to? The
International Civil Aviation Organization defines aviation accidents as an incidence connected
with an aircrafts operation, which happens between the points any individual embarks the
aircraft. These have the objective of flying and, wherein:someone was seriously or fatally
injured,the aircraft sustained structural failure or damage; or the aircraft is missing or is entirely
inaccessible.
In summary, an aviation accident is an occurrence other than an accident, associated with
the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations. An accident in
which the damage to the plane is considered irrecoverable, or in which the plane is destroyed is
frequently called as a hull loss.
The most ordinary causes of accidents involving these aircrafts are:Pilot error,Federal
Aviation Administration regulations violations,Faulty equipment,Structural or design
problems,Negligence of Federal Air Traffic Controllers,Negligence in a third party's selection of
a carrier,Negligence of Flight Service Station employees,Bad weather condition,Contaminated
fuel,Improper maintenance.
Air transportation accidents involve a number of legal issues. Depending on the situation,
claims may belong in federal or state court. Treaties and conventions cover accidents concerning
international flight.Plane accidents survivors and the surviving loved ones of a plane crash victim
are protected under the law. Federal, state and international laws afford various levels of rights to
these poor individuals.
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3. 3
Chronology Major
Aircrash Disaster
World Trade Center in New York City on
September 11, 2001
American Airlines Flight 11 and
United Airlines Flight 175
Killed 2,752
March 27, 1977, Tenerife disaster
KLM Boeing 747 attempted take-off
and collided with a taxiing Pan Am
747
Pilot error, Air Traffic Control error,
communications problems, fog, and
airfield congestion due to a bombing
and a second bomb threat at another
airport
1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision invole
Saudia Flight 763 and Air Kazakhstan Flight
1907
Three hundred and forty-nine
passengers and crew died from both
aircraft.
Flying in opposite directions at the
same altitude.
Pan Am Flight 103 was a Boeing 747-121
Destroyed by a terrorist bomb
Killed all 243 passengers
Iran Air Flight 655
Shot down by US missiles on
Sunday 3 July 1988
Killing all 290 passengers and crew
aboard, including 66 children,
ranking it seventh among the
deadliest airline disasters.
PartnAir Twinprop 340-80 Sept 8 1989
Chatter plane
Caught in Turbulence while flying
nearby F -16
Counterfeit or Bogus aircraft spare
part ,actuator, bolt
Uncertified FAA
Black Market
Concorde supersonic aircraft(3 km every 6
second) July 25 2000
Take off only 120 second
Incursion on runaway
Aicraft tyre break attach to wing
create spark and explode
113 killed
Pan Am747 Lockerbie Oct 26 1988
Structure failure
Terrorist Bomb
256 killed
Air India 1986
Terrorrist bomb
American Eagle Flight 4184
Turbulence
Fly various airspace
Flight Crew behaviour on the aircraft
ATC untrained
Aircraft control surface
frozen(Icing)
Artificial Horizon malfunction

4. 4
Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia Head On
Collision
Mid air collision
Flying same altitude difference
direction
Bumpy ride cause by Turbulence
Pilot mislistening ATC
Pilot did not pay attention
Poor communication
Outdated technology
ATC need to install new radar
equipment
April 1975 American Airforce Lockhead
C-5A Galaxy
Operation Babylift
One of the largest plane in the world
Cargo door break up
Hydraulic leaking
Latches not lock properly
Crash landing
150 killed
175 survive
747 -400 China Airlines flight 611
Shattered in mid air
China worst airlines safety in the
world
Flight break up
Nicotine from cigarette smoke cause
corrision on fuselage
Shattered on pressurize air
Structure failure
South African Airways Helderberg 747
combi
Smoke on flight
Emergency descent open exit door
Crash in second
159 killed
Alaska Airlines 261
Additional control surface not
function
Stabilizer jammed
100 killed
TWA flight 800
Centifugel fuel tank explode
Shattered in pieces on mid air flight
Japan Airlines 123
Tail Fin of the Airplane explode and
missing in flight
Hyraulic failure
Pressurrize
Pilot get Hypoxia giving wrong
command
A/c Bulkhead not properly maintain
Maintain 30 minutes flying before
crash
6 May 1937 Airship Hindenburg
1910 Zeppelin provided the first commercial
air service for passenger
3x larger than 747 ,68 mph
Explode
End of Airship Zeppelin Travel

5. 5
How
It Happen
pproximately 80% of all aircraft accidents occur shortly before or during take-off and
landing. These are usually said to have been caused by 'pilot error', although these days
this is more often referred to as 'human error', to emphasise that pilots are simply human
beings. Mid-flight disasters are rare, although not entirely unheard of. They have occasionally
been caused by bombs or other terrorist activity, such as the 1988 Lockerbie disaster. Mid-air
collisions are unlikely, though they do occasionally happen. Structural failures are also extremely
rare, but they have occurred.
Other Causes such as Low Visibility,Collision,Bomb on Plane,Navigation Failure,Engine
Failure,Control Surface Failure,Icing,Human and others.
A survey of 1,843 plane crashes between 1950 and 2006 determined the causes of the
accidents to be as follows:-
Pilot Error 53%
Mechanical Failure 21%
Weather 11%
Other Human Error (eg lack of communication, improper maintenance etc) 8%
Sabotage and Terrorism 6%
Other Causes 1%
This study, and many previous ones, have always shown pilot and other human error to
be significantly higher than all other causes added together. This is now an area on which a lot of
research is done.
Aspects of aircraft design can play a part in accidents. Inadequate design can make pilot
error more likely. For example, in early aircraft, many switches and levers which performed
different functions looked very similar. These days it has been realized that this is not a good
idea, and everything is done to make sure that pilots cannot mix up the various controls.
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6. 6
What Problem
Causes Aircrash
viation accidents occur in a variety of different situations with different kinds of
aircraft. The most common aviation accidents are those involving commercial airlines,
but many disasters also occur with private airplanes, military aircraft, commercial
and private helicopters. The laws and regulations governing plane crashes are based on a
variety of factors such as the type of aircraft, the nature of passengers, and the purpose of the
flight.
There are many reason or problem that can causes Aircrash such as:
Nature – Thunderstorm, Jet Wash, Air Pocket, Turbulence,Weather,
{in some case Airbus(Lightning Strike)using electrical than mechanical}
Human Error – Pilot Mistake, Get Hypoxia,ATC Mistake,Maintenance Problem,
Aircraft System Error – Navigation System(IRS),GPS Calibration,Instrument
Failure,Engine Failure,Aircraft Control Surface Error.
Bird Strike
Runaway Incursion
Counterfeit or Bogus part ben using for aircraft
And, many times, the accidents were avoidable. Structural defects, pilots’
errors,maintenance,deficiencies, design defects, air traffic safety controller decisions and many
other factors can contribute to why a plane crashes.
The main root cause is human error. In order to try and eliminate this as a source of
accidents, crews are requested to follow a strict training routine. Next come aircraft failures, but
these are less likely when it comes to modern aircraft.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is the government agency
responsible for investigating a crash and determining the cause of an airplane crash. Among the
factors attributed by the NTSB for initiating the sequence of occurrences leading to either a
minor accident or serious plane crash are pilot error and aircraft malfunction. Even if weather
conditions, such as turbulence or ice build up during the cruise or descent phase of the flight, are
a factor in a plane going down, these weather conditions generally are foreseeable and the
handling of the aircraft in these conditions is part of a pilot’s training.
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7. 7
Investigation
he main federal agencies concerned with aviation regulations and laws are the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA), the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and
(AAIB) Air Accident Investigation Branch .
The FAA is the main regulatory body for aviation safety and standards. It has
enforcement powers, as well as the ability to issue and revise regulations related to all aspects of
air travel safety research, manufacture, and navigation.
When an airplane crash the first thing they need to search is 2 Black Box; The
Conversation on The Cockpit and The Flight Data Recorder (FDR) for rescue and search.There
are Beacon to this black box but only last for 30 days.
On the other hand, the NTSB investigates aviation accidents and offers proposals to
enhance future air safety. Another duty of the Board is to function as a "court of appeals" for
cases involving pilots or other aviation workers against the FAA. The NTSB has neither
regulatory nor enforcement powers.
Nine-teen out of 20 passengers survive in plane crash.Nearly half of the plane crash
incidents are caused by pilot error.Common causes of air crash (in respective order): mechanical
failure, weather, and sabotage.Other causes of air disaster: air traffic control error, bird strike,
cabin fire, flaws in aircraft design, explosive devices, fuel starvation, high-jacking, lightning,
pilot shot by passengers, pilot incapacitation.
The Geneva-based Aircraft Crashes Record Office (ACRO) compiles statistics on
aviation accidents of aircraft capable of carrying more than six passengers, not including
helicopters, balloons, or fighter airplanes. The ACRO announced that the year 2007 was the
safest year in aviation since 1963 in terms of number of accidents
Liability in general aviation accidents vary depending on the cause of the accident.
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8. 8
Solution
hen riding planes, it is important that we remember the following tips that can save
us or help us survive a plane crash. Studies show that a person who thinks and acts
quickly during a plane crash has a better chance of survival compared to people who
are panicky and lack knowledge in plane crash survival tips.
These are some survival tips according to air safety expert and FFA investigator :
1. Passengers should know the location of each emergency exit. Count the rows between the seat
and the nearest emergency exit so in case that the cabin is filled with smoke, passengers can find
their way out.
2. Always read the safety procedure and emergency plans which are posted from the back of
each seat.
3. Know the proper position when there is an emergency landing. Passengers should sit in a
brace position (head down and hug knees).
4. Stay low when the cabin is filled with smoke and crawl immediately toward the exit.
5. Get away from the crash site as soon as possible.
6. Wear long-sleeves and pants that will provide better insulation in case of a fire. Closed shoes
are also better than flip-flops and sandals to protect the feet from sharp debris, metals, and
broken glasses.
According to experts, the first minute and a half after the accident is the most crucial
period.
After the plane crashes, fire often follows. According to a study, most passengers will not die
from a burn injury but from inhalation of toxic fumes.People who sit near the tail of a plane are
40 percent more likely to survive compared to those passengers sitting in the first few rows near
the cockpit.
Boeing and Airbus both place huge emphasis on aircraft safety equipment, which is now
a billion dollar industry in its own right. Major safety devices now standard in modern aircraft
include:
Evacuation Slides to aid passenger escape in a major emergency
Advanced avionics such as computerized auto-recovery systems and alert systems
Improvements in turbine engine durability
Landing gear that can be lowered even after loss of power and hydraulics.
Train and experience Flight Crew
Aircraft part Certified by FAA
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9. 9
CONCLUSION
any major problem can causes an Aircrash but mostly of human error.To ensure
safety flight the passenger and crew need to follow the instruction carefully.Safety on
the aircraft is important.On maintenance part the person who incharge should make
sure all the compartment is in good condition and to maintain regularly.But accident can happen.
To be safe, the Federal Aviation Authority advices passengers to count the rows between
their seats and the exit as this will give them an idea of how far they are away.Dress
Accordingly. One way of surviving a plane crash with fewer injuries is by wearing comfortable
clothes wherein one can run and move around with lesser effort. It would not be ideal to wear
high-heels, skirts, slippers, and other similar attire when boarding planes as they will not be
helpful in running or sliding down the fabric in case of emergency.Wearing of comfortable jeans,
lace-up shoes and comfortable top is more effective in surviving plane accidents.Read and Listen
to Safety Information. Some ignore pre-flight instructions given by attendants as they have heard
it all before. But, passengers must keep in mind the safety information as it could help them
decide of what should be done in a flight glitch. Reading the information card found in front of
seats will further educate passengers of actions they can do in events of these unfortunate
accidents.Be Ready for Landing. In case there would be an emergency landing, passengers might
have time to position themselves correctly to reduce the risk of injuries during impact.
Also, passengers of a plane that needs to land should keep away sharp objects that may cause
harm to him or to other passengers. Correct landing positions are indicated in the information
card and will possibly prevent whiplash or concussions.Get Away From the Plane. After the
plane lands and passengers are able to move, they must quickly evacuate the aircraft as there is a
high possibility that it will explode or be burned.
The above are just some of the things that will help you in case you meet an unfortunate
aircraft accident. These accidents can be caused by pilot error, mechanical failure, or many other
factors that could go wrong in your flight. One must always keep in mind the above Plane Crash
Survival Tips as it can help in surviving a tragedy such as a plane crash.
Make sure all the aircraft part is qualified by FAA.There 95% part using in airlines are
counterfeit sell in Black Market.Theres more than 5000 company that making this business.
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10. 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. For Books:
Author(s) Year Title City Publisher
AMC 2010 Airport Management KL AMC
2. For Internet Sources:
Article Title URL (Internet Site Address)
National
Geographic
Aircraft Investigation
Mayday Aircrash Disaster
Surviving
Aircrash
http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Surviving-Plane-Accidents--What-
Passengers-Can-Do/659586
1001 Aircrash http://www.1001crash.com/index-page-liste_noire-lg-2.html
Aviation
Accident
Database
http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp#query_start
Aviation
Accident
Attorney
http://aviation.cliffordlaw.com/aviation-practice-areas/mass-
commercial-airline
Genereal Law
http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/General-Laws--Liabilities-And-
Litigation-In-Plane-Accidents/670097
The Causes of
Aircraash
http://www.suite101.com/content/the-causes-of-aircraft-accidents-
a96858
Plane Crash
Survival Tips
http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Plane-Crash-Survival-Tips--
Improving-Your-Chances-Of-Surviving-In-Air-Accident/642009
Aviation
accident &
incident
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_crash
3. For Educated Person and Other Periodicals:
Name(s) Position
Zuliana bt Ismail Lecturer