an interesting ppt on using audiovisual aids for medical students, highlighting the advantages, disadvantages with know - hows..... <3... satya

1. TEACHING–LEARNING MEDIA
(AUDIOVISUAL AIDS)
Dr. V.SATHYANARAYANAN M.D.,
PROFESSOR OF PHARMACOLOGY
SRM MCH & RC

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To list various audio visual aids
To know the merits and demerits of each
To know the do’s and don’ts when using them
To select appropriate teaching aid
To express enthusiasm about making efforts for the
preparation process

4. TEACHING
Is an art
Requires 3 things
1) Expertise at the subject
2) Grasp of the language
3) Skills to communicate

9. TEACHING
4th important thing required is
CHOOSING THE
APPROPRIATE
TEACHING AID

10. AUDIOVISUAL AIDS
The writing board
The flip chart
Transparencies on Overhead Projector
The Slide Projector
The Power Point Presentation
The video on LCD panel
Virtual Reality Shows

11. THE WRITING BOARD
Most commonly used
Black board or White board

15. ADVANTAGES
Easy to use
Inexpensive
Quickly cleaned and reused
Reliable aid
Convenient to list items and draw diagrams
Allows step by step build up
Students can keep pace with the teacher

22. DISADVANTAGES
Cannot hold large amount of material
Has to be erased, so no permanent record of what is
written
Time consuming
Difficulty in keeping the attention of the students
Not so effective for large audiences

28. GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE
Availability of material
Good illumination
Plan the presentation
Ensure clarity
Arrange the material in sequence
Emphasize key points
Position of teacher
Rubbing the board

29. THE FLIP CHART
Large chart with a pad of paper on a tripod or stand

33. ADVANTAGES
The notes, diagrams or flow charts can be prepared in
advance
Revealed at the appropriate points of the teaching
session
Pages can be removed and taped on the walls for
future reference.
Can be preserved for display even after the class

38. DISADVANTAGES
Not effective larger audiences
The chart cannot hold large amount of material
Writing at the same time during session is time
consuming
Difficult to talk at the same time
Sometimes writing is illegible

44. GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE
Availability of materials
Good illumination
Plan the presentation
Ensure clarity
Position of teacher
Displaying material on flip charts

45. TRANSPARENCIES AND PROJECTOR
A transparency  Plastic film containing written or
drawn material preferably in horizontal format
With Overhead projector, previously prepared
transparencies are projected
Magnification 5 times
Letters – 5-7 mm in height

48. ADVANTAGES
Simple
Can be used with the classroom lights on
Image can be projected high
Easily available and inexpensive
Can be prepared quickly and in advance
Allows more time for discussion
Allows step-wise presentation of material
Overlay can be done
can be Preserved for future use

55. DISADVANTAGES
Speaker has to be careful not to block the view of the
screen
Can go out of focus if it is moved on the stage
Crowding can happen

59. PREPARING TRANSPARENCIES
Thicker sheets are more durable
Can be displayed in black and white or colour
Computer printing affords clarity of text
Limit each visual to one main idea
Use 6 -7 lines, 6 words in each line
Use large lettering ( 5 mm tall )
Printed text is easier to read

62. GUIDELINES
Check the on/off switch
Check if the extra bulb is working
Familiarise with focusing and adjusting
Screen for projection placed on a higher level than
the speaker

64. GUIDELINES
place the projector 2 meters from the screen
Rotate nob to FAN position, pre-heating for ½ min then
to desired intensity of light
Move lens mirror frame to project ( 45 degrees inclined )
To focus, move the mirror assembly up or down

65. GUIDELINES
Place the transparency
Turn the projector on
Bring the knob to FAN position
Uncover information gradually by a white sheet
Use a pointer or pencil directly on the transparency to focus
attention on a specific area
Notes on a piece of paper can be clipped to the mount
Face the participants while talking
Turn the projector off before removing transparency
Before switching off, ensure cool air comes out

66. THE SLIDE PROJECTOR
Uses 35 mm photographic slides for projection

69. ADVANTAGES
Suitable for large and small audiences
Easy to carry, store and re-use
With automatic slide projectors, speaker can manage
independently
allows projection of X-ray images, scans, specimens,
photos etc
Double slide projection can be used for comparison

71. DISADVANTAGES
Need to darken the hall for slide projection
Loss of eye contact
Excessive numbers will result in loss of
communication

75. THE POWER POINT PRESENTATION
Used widely as computers are available
Offers tremendous multimedia capabilities
Great impact can be created by proper use
Use humour, anecdotes, stories to illustrate your
presentation

77. I like whiskey. I always did, and that is
why I never drink it.

81. ADVANTAGES
Can keep the attention on the topic
Slide lay out, colour, font can be modified and
updated
Text, graphics, photographs, figures, X-rays, charts,
diagrams can all be presented
Animation can be given for cues or emphasis
Video clips can be incorporated

91. WILDLIFE

92. DISADVANTAGES
Dim light can cause loss of eye contact
Speaker cannot be seen
Note taking is difficult
Danger of overcrowding the slide
May distract the audience from the message
Tendency to overload information
Requires Good functioning of technology, electricity
Needs back-up arrangements

97. GUIDELINES
Present in 4-5 bulleted points
in 6 lines, 6 words in each line
Contrast the text
Highlight vital points
Use multimedia to demonstrate
Use laser beam not arm
“ go slow”, don’t rush

98. Slide Structure – Good
Use 1-2 slides per minute of your presentation
Write in point form, not complete sentences
Include 4-5 points per slide
Avoid wordiness: use key words and phrases only

99. Slide Structure - Bad
This page contains too many words for a presentation
slide. It is not written in point form, making it difficult
both for your audience to read and for you to present
each point. Although there are exactly the same
number of points on this slide as the previous slide, it
looks much more complicated. In short, your
audience will spend too much time trying to read this
paragraph instead of listening to you.

100. Fonts - Bad
If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written
CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. IT IS DIFFICULT
TO READ
Don’t use a complicated font

101. Colour - Good
Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply with the
background
Ex: blue font on white background
Use colour to reinforce the logic of your structure
Ex: light blue title and dark blue text
Use colour to emphasize a point
But only use this occasionally

102. Colour - Bad
Using a font colour that does not contrast with the
background colour is hard to read
Using colour for decoration is distracting and
annoying.
Using a different colour for each point is unnecessary
Using a different colour for secondary points is also
unnecessary
Trying to be creative can also be bad

104. Background – Bad
Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to
read from
Always be consistent with the background that you
use

105. Graphs - Good
Items Sold in First Quarter of 2002
100
90
80
70
60
Blue Balls
50
Red Balls
40
30
20
10
0
January February March April

106. Graphs - Bad
100
90
90
80
70
60
Blue Balls
50
Red Balls
38.6
40
34.6
30.6 31.6
30 27.4
20.4 20.4
20
10
0
January February March April

107. SMART TIPS
Go blank
Add speaker notes
Navigate

109. THE VIDEO
A very creative audio-visual aid
Captured using digital cameras
Recorded on CDs, DVDs
Electronic LCD panel can be used for to display

113. ADVANTAGES
Can capture events the eye alone cannot see
Individual steps can be shown
Make the participants to watch step by step
Animation can be used to show an abstract concept

117. DISADVANTAGES
Key steps may be omitted or rearranged
Commercially prepared video may be out-dated
Students may be distracted

121. GUIDELINES
Preview the video CD
Arrange the room so that all can see
Prepare the participants
State the session objectives
Provide an overview
Focus attention to look for what
Discuss the video after the show
Review the main points

122. VIRTUAL REALITY PROGRAMMES
Computer based 3 dimensional interactive programmes
User wears a virtual reality helmet
An electronic glove is worn
Interact with the computer programme
Available in other disciplines as well
In near future, surgical skills can be learnt

127. CONCLUSION
Using Audio visual aids properly Is a critical step in
training
Highlight important things
Supplement learning activities
Reinforce the learning process
Reduces the burden of present students