The book, now in its Fifth Edition, aims to provide a practical view of GNU/Linux and Windows 7, 8 and 10, covering different design considerations and patterns of use. The section on concepts covers fundamental principles, such as file systems, process management, memory management, input-output, resource sharing, interprocess communication (IPC), distributed computing, OS security, real-time and microkernel design. This thoroughly revised edition comes with a description of an instructional OS to support teaching of OS and also covers Android, currently the most popular OS for handheld systems. Basically, this text enables students to learn by practicing with the examples and doing exercises.

1. 1
Introduction to Operating System
Prof P.C.P. Bhatt
Indian Institute of Information Technology - Bangalore

2. 2
Applications of Computers
• Document design
• Accounting
• E-Mail
• Image Processing
• Games
OS is application neutral and service-
specific.

3. 3
Operating System (Definition)
The software layer, nearest to hardware
which facilitates launching of all the
other software utilities and applications.
• OS provides wide range of generic data
services.
• Manages keyboard, display, processor
and memory.
• Schedules input, output and data
processing.

4. 4
A Real Time Control Application
• Monitoring – initializes and activates the
hardware.
• Input – Reads the values from sensors
and stores it in register.
• Decision – checks whether the readings
are within the range.
• Output – responds to the situation.

5. 5
A Real Time Control Application
• Scenario : A temperature monitoring
chemical process.
• What we need : A supervisory program
to raise an alarm when temperature
goes beyond a certain band.
• The desired sequence of operational
events : Measure input temperature,
process the most recent measurement,
perform an output task.

6. 6
Initialize the hardware
Activate hardware to read temperature
Read the temperature
Store it in a register : temp register
Is temp register within the band?
Output: Within band
Ring alarm!!!
No
Yes
Monitoring
Input
Decision
Output

7. 7
Operating System Facilities
• User access to the system
• Storage and management of
information
• Protection of information against
accidental and intentional misuse
• Support for data processing activities
• Communication with I/O devices
• Management of all activities in a
transparent manner.

8. 8
So What Does an OS Do?
• Power On Self Test (POST)
• Resource management
• Support for multi-user
• Error Handling
• Communication support over Network
• (Optional) Deadline support so that
safety critical application run and fail
gracefully

9. 9
Program
Instructions
Memory Modules
Data Partition
FETCH
DECODE
EXECUTE
Operational View

10. 10
An Operational Overview
• Processor – schedule and allocate processor
time.
• Memory – executes program and access data
• Input output devices
• Communication with devices
• Mutual exclusion – schedule the usage of
shared device and fair access
• Shell of an OS
• Human computer interface (HCI/CHI)

11. 11
An Operational Overview
C P U
Primary Storage
Input/Output
Controller
Di Dj
Do
Terminals
Dk
Dn
D1 to Dn are I/O devices
.…
Modem
D1
Remote Access
Secondary Storage
Disc Controller
A Modern
Computer System

12. 12
Input Output Devices
FETCH
DECODE
EXECUTE
Interrupt?
Interrupt service
No
Servicing an Interrupt
The normal instruction cycle

13. 13
Processes and Tools
• Program in execution is called a
process
• Interprocess communication forms the
basis of distributed computing
• The machine seeking the service is
client and the machine offering the
service is server.
• OS provide many general purpose
utilities as a set of packaged tools.

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