4. Secondary functions
Pain during and after treatment can occur and
associated tissue reaction include:
Exudation
Transudation
swelling
resorption
5. Pain control
• Pain is mostly associated with infection and the
primary means of pain control is infection control
6. Control of exudation or
bleeding
• Persistant exudation in the root canal may
oocur.Exudation reflects inflammation.
• Therefore treatment is aimed at dealing with
potential infection as well as drying or coagulation
the site
7. Controlling inflammatory
root resorption
• Inflammatory root resorption is most aggressive and
destructive
• It is associated with infection of root canal
combined with physical damage to the cementum,
so again a primary function of treatment is to
eliminate infection in root canal system
8. Induction of hard tissue
formation
• It is often desirable to allow hard tissue to form to
continue apical root development to close wide
foramen or to create a mechanical barrier at a
fracture line
9. Micobes of pulp
• With apical periodontitis
o Fusobacterium, prevotella, pophyromonas, veillonella, spirochetes
• Retreatment cases
o Enterococci esp. E. Fecalis, Yeasts
• Actinomyces
13. 3.Tetracycline
• It shows affinity for hard tissues and may be retained
on tooth surface.
• There might resistance to tetracycline occurs and
spectrum is quite narrow
15. Disinfectants
• They act by direct toxicity to microbes
• They have a broader antibacterial spectrum than
antibiotics
16. Aldehydes
• Formaldehdye, paraformaldehyde and
glutaraldehyde have been widely used.
• They are water soluble and protein denaturing
agents and are most potent disinfectants
• Formocresol is an aqueous solution contaning
cresol,formaldehyde and glycerine,used for
pulpotomy procedures,but its toxic and mutagenic
properties are concerned
17. Halogens
• Includes chlorine and iodine which are used in
various formulations
• They are potent oxidizing agents with rapid
bactericidal effects
• Sodium hypochlorite is currently the irrigating
solution of choice
• Necrotic tissue and debris are dissolved
• Effective conc 0.5-5.25%
18. Phenol derivative
• No longer used because of its high toxicity
• Includes paramonochlorophenol,thymol and
eugenol
• But has high toxicity and limited antimicrobial effect
19. Chlorhexidine
• Broad spectrum activity and less toxicity
• Effective conc is 0.2-2% range
• Innovative attempts to utilize the disinfecting
properties of it include its inclusion in gutta purcha
points for root canal filling
20. Calcium hydroxide
• Antibacterial agents with high pH
• Physically restricts bacterial colonization of the
canal space
• It is applied as a thick creamy suspension
21. Antibacterial effect of
irrigation and
dressing
• Addition of sodium hypochlorite increases the
number of bacteria free canal substantially
• The number of bacteria free canal may be further
increase when a dressing of calcium hydroxide is
place