This presentation is of the sectional crises over states' rights and slavery's westward expansion that gave way to American Civil War. It is the fourth in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.

1. The Civil War & Reconstruction

2.  The establishment of the cotton gin allows cotton to become a cash
crop which triggers a resurgence in slavery.
 The acquisition of land after the Mexican War reignited debates over
slavery being extended into the newly acquired territories as
slaveholders want to get in on the cotton boom.
 Slaveholders, wannabe slaveholders, and those who profit from slavery
or the racial discrimination that flows from the institution all want
slavery to expand.
 Enslaved, free, and freed blacks as well as increasingly prominent white
abolitionists (Garrison) and anti-slavery activists (like Whitman &
Lincoln) oppose the further expansion of slavery.
 Both camps are ready to fight to advance their cause.
 The ties holding the Union together unravel from 1850-1860.
 This is not predestined. Indeed, had both sides been willing to
compromise it is likely that there would have been no war, no
emancipation proclamation, no Reconstruction, etc. However,
historians can look back at this time period to understand why the war
began when it did.

3. 1820 Missouri Compromise
1846-1848 War with Mexico
1846 Wilmot Proviso established & rejected
1848 Gold discovered in California Territory
1850 Compromise of 1850
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act overturns Missouri Compromise
1855-1856 Bleeding Kansas
1857 Dred Scott decision
1859 John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry
1860 Election of Abraham Lincoln
1860 South Carolina secedes from the Union
1861 Confederacy formed, Fort Sumter attacked; Civil War begins

4.  This term we have seen tobacco, indigo, rice, and sugar as the
primary cash crops produced by enslaved people in the colonial
and early revolutionary eras. We have also learned that slaves
were deployed as domestic servants, in cities, as artisans,
dockworkers, in factories, mines, etc.
 Although most Americans are familiar with cotton as a crop
produced by enslaved people, this crop did not become mass
produced by enslaved people until the 1800s.
 Cotton was a labor-intensive and expensive to produce in mass
because laborers had to pull the tiny seeds from the cotton by
hand. Until the 1790s, most slaveholders stayed away from it.
 Enslaved people were growing their own cotton on provisional
lands to make clothing, linen, etc. However most cotton is
imported into the U.S. until circa 1793.
 This will change with the development of the cotton gin.

5.  Cotton Gin was created by Eli
Whitney and patented in 1793. The
gin freed enslaved laborers to pick
the cotton and use the gin to
separate the seeds. Cotton is easier
to produce in massive amounts as a
result of this invention.
 Short staple cotton (with a shorter
growing season) becomes “king”
among the antebellum cash crops
produced by enslaved people.
 Though other crops (sugar in LMV)
and industries (mining, factories,
lumber) use slave labor, cotton
becomes the foundation of
antebellum slavery.

6.  Sugar cane cultivation in
Lower Mississippi Valley
(Louisiana) region grows.
 Refugees from Saint-
Domingue (Haiti) bring
skills and desire to rebuild.
 Sugar becomes a major
cash crop.
 Intensifies demand for
slave labor in the LMV
region and pushes it from a
“society with slaves” to a
“slave society.”

8.  Four things were needed to turn cotton & sugar into
the cash crops that transformed slavery and the
nation:
 A steadfast desire of Americans to recreate the wealth of
the eastern seaboard in the western territories;
 New and vacant land on which to settle and produce
cash crops;
 Capital (or $$$) to finance the purchase of land, slaves,
and startup costs; and
 Mass unfree labor to carry out the clearing of the land
and the cultivation of this crop (slavery had already been
used profitably for almost 2 centuries in BCNA).
Source: Adam Rothman, “Slavery and National Expansion in the United States,” Magazine of History, 23 no. 2 (2009)

9.  New Immigrants looking to take advantage of economic
opportunities in the new nation.
 Indentured servitude has died out and been replaced by slave labor
for people of African descent and wage labor for people of European
descent.
 Poor and middling American born whites.
 These people are looking to recreate the wealth and political power
generated by slaveholders in the South and entrepreneurs and
industrialists in the North. These people don’t want to be wage
laborers, they want their own land, farms, businesses, etc.
 Elite whites in North and South.
 They want to expand their wealth and political power by moving
west.
 Slaveholding apparatus
 The men (and their families) who do not necessarily own slaves but
benefit from slavery—doctors, lawyers, insurance agents, slave
traders, slave catchers, merchants, etc. who move west.

10.  Many of these women and men have seen the social, economic,
and political benefits of slavery and they want to recreate the
wealth and power produced in the east in the West. Scholars
have read their letters, diaries, and journals which show their
desire to become rich gain power by owning slaves. Walter
Johnson notes that they want “make a [new] world [for
themselves] out of slaves.”
 At the same time we know that many people heading west were
opposed to slavery for economic reasons—where slavery existed,
planters gobbled up land (shutting out small independent
farmers) and the use of enslaved labor decreased the wages of
white workers. These people believe they can generate wealth by
banning slavery from the western territories.
 The contrasting visions of the trans-Mississippi west, especially
over whether or not slavery will exist there, will lead both groups
to clash.

11.  The will to create wealth intensifies westward expansion from the
eastern seaboard to the southern and western interior. On the minds of
migrants is the federal question of whether slavery will be allowed in
the West.
 The NWO, 1787, determined where slavery can exist in newly acquired
territories (it is banned North of the Ohio River but permitted South of
the Ohio River) but Congress made no provisions for land beyond the
Mississippi (because they hadn’t acquired it yet). With the Louisiana
Purchase of 1803, this changes.
 The LA purchase doubles the size of the U.S. and activates new debates
about where slavery can exist. See map here.
 There will be future acquisitions through the war with Mexico and the
forced expulsion and decimation of the Native American population
and as we shall see below, with every acquisition, the debate over
slavery’s existence in the West will reignite.
 The desire for land to cultivate cash crops will also yield filibustering
campaigns in Latin America and an offer to purchase Cuba to extend
U.S. slavery throughout the hemisphere.

13.  A key issue with these land acquisitions is that the land was
not vacant.
 Native Americans, whom early colonists had driven from
the Atlantic coast, are still residents. However, demand for
land and ideas about white superiority result in repeated
decisions to remove the indigenous people from the land.
This demand would continue until the end of the 19th
century.
 The removal of Native Americans to West of Mississippi
River occurred via:
 Informal removal through violence (attacks) and war;
 Formal through (illegitimate and legal) land grab treaties;
 42,000 Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws removed in the 1830s;
and
 Cherokee Removal 14,000 (4000 died) aka the Trail of Tears,
1838.

17.  Northern industrialists who want cheaply produced cotton
for textile mills or other goods like salt, turpentine, lumber.
 Northern, Chesapeake, Lowcountry slaveholders who sell
“surplus” slaves south and west as they abolish slavery or
shift to other economies that require less slave labor.
 Wealthy bankers and investors, especially from northern
states and from England.
 These men lend money to those migrants who are heading
west so that they can buy land, buy slaves, finance their
startup costs, build homes, roads, business, run trade, etc.
They also make money off of goods produced by slave
labor.

18.  Slavery had been used to supply labor in North America since
the 17th century so it is a no-brainer that they will use slave labor
in the cotton kingdom.
 One source of the enslaved laborers who were sent west was the
reopened transatlantic slave trade.
 Between the end of the American Revolution and 1808 when
Congress ended it, more than 250,000 African slaves were imported
into the U.S.
 However, because the demand is so strong, thousands of African
captives were smuggled annually thereafter until 1857.
 Another source will be the domestic slave trade.
 Approx 2 million enslaved people were transported from the
Northern states that were abolishing slavery via gradual abolition
laws and from the eastern coast areas of the Chesapeake and the
Lowcountry.
 The Second Middle Passage had some of the same horrors of the
First Middle Passage.

23.  With all of the ingredients in place, slavery expands across
the continent and intensifies.
 Slavery is a key part of the new nation’s economy, so much
so that scholars like Adam Rothman refer to the U.S.
during this period as a “slave country.”
 Slavery wasn’t simply a private industry, it was protected and
backed by the U.S. government, especially in the Deep South
and the borderlands the U.S. shared with Mexico and with
Native American land.
 As slavery intensifies, slaveholders move to accumulate
more wealth by moving west and protect their interests by
seeking political protection in electoral politics.
 This would be difficult to accomplish because just as they are
expanding their interests, those who are opposed to slavery
for economic, moral, and religious reasons start to become
more vocal and politically active.

24. 4500
4000
3500
3000
2500 Thousands of Bales of
Cotton
2000
Thousands of Slaves
1500
1000
500
0
1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860

25.  During the antebellum period a growing frustration with slavery
congealed into several campaigns to endit.
 Enslaved people and free and freed black people opposed slavery for
their own reasons.
 White Americans opposed it for different reasons.
 Some white Americans are opposed slavery for moral or religious reasons.
We call these women and men abolitionists because they campaigned to
end slavery.
 Other white Americans who were opposed slavery for purely economic and
political reasons (hating competition with slaveholders’ wealth and enslaved
people’s cheap labor). These people disliked African Americans & objected
to their presence in the U.S. We call these women and men anti-slavery
activists. Rather than moving to end slavery, these people wanted to stop the
institution from spreading westward.
 In the years leading up to the Civil War they worked separately and
sometimes collectively to push back against slaveholders to end
slavery or to stop slavery from spreading west.

26.  Northwest Ordinance (1787) to the Missouri
Compromise (1820)
 How to settle issue of slavery in older territory and newly
acquired territory via the Louisiana Purchase.
 Jacksonian Era, 1820s-1840s
 Problem of slavery in the west is dormant—no new
territory acquired but the big “fill-in” as Americans
move west.
 Mexican War, 1846-1848
 Convergence of resurgent proslavery expansion and new
“free soil” and abolitionist movements drives final wedge
in nation.
Source: Adam Rothman, “Slavery and National Expansion in the United States,” Magazine of History, 23 no. 2 (2009).

27.  The Northwest Ordinance (1787)—article 6 outlawed slavery
north of the OH River in what became OH, IN, MI, IL, and WI;
slavery permitted south of the OH River in what became KY, TN
and later AL and MS.
 The Louisiana Purchase (1803)—security concerns, about the
size of the black population, emerge in the wake of Haitian
Revolution leads to some pushback on slavery spreading into the
territory.
 There is an initial ban on importing foreign slaves but it is lifted as
proslavery forces gain power in Congress and in the White House
and as more slaveholders and “wannabe” slaveholders move west.
Debates about slavery in the West continue to fester and escalate.
 The Missouri Compromise (1820)—tensions come to a head
about settling land acquired under the LA Purchase when
Missouri applied for admission to the Union as a slaveholding
state. Opponents to slavery in the West want the application for
admission to the Union blocked.

29.  To settle the issue, another compromise is established.
Missouri can enter the Union as a slaveholding state as
long as Maine enters as a free state. This keeps the balance
of power in Congress and in elections for the presidency
equal between slaveholders and those who are opposed to
slavery for economic, moral, and religious reasons.
 Those who develop the compromise draw a line through
the LA Purchase territory and establish that slavery can
exist south of the line but it will be banned north of the
line. Moreover, no slave state can enter the Union unless
there is a free state ready to join at the same time and vice
versa. This keeps the balance of political power equal for
the time being. See interactive map here. But the debate
will reappear once more land is acquired.

31.  Jefferson had this response to the debates over the
Missouri Compromise in a 1820 letter he wrote to John
Holmes: “like a fire bell in the night, [the
debate], awakened and filled me with terror. I
considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is
hushed indeed for the moment. But this is a reprieve
only, not a final sentence. A geographical
line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and
political, once conceived and help up to the angry
passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every
new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper.”

32. Phase 1
Signaling his unease
over the intensity of
the debates over
slavery’s westward
expansion and its
impact on the future
republic, a prescient
Jefferson wrote, it is
as though “we have
the wolf [slavery] by
the ear, and we can
neither hold him
safely nor let him go.
Justice is in one
scale, self-
preservation is in the
other.”

33.  After the Missouri Compromise
 Anti-slavery and abolitionist movements begin to build
more moral, economic, racialized support and they are
aided by a growing free black population.
 Historians note that they started to frame their
arguments against slavery’s westward expansion in
terms of a “slave power conspiracy.”
 The “slave power conspiracy” is the idea that slaveholders are
gobbling up the land and using their wealth and political
power to make the entire U.S. open to slavery.
 Most abolitionists want to end slavery once and for all (few
addressed or discussed what would come afterwards).
 Most anti-slavery activists accept slavery’s existence in the East
but they want to stop it from expanding into the West.

34.  After the Missouri Compromise
 Proslavery forces feel the threat of the growing abolition
and anti-slavery movements.
 Many historians note that they framed their support for
slavery and its expansion westward in terms of a “money
power conspiracy.”
 The “money power conspiracy” is the idea that northern and
British industrialists and entrepreneurs are using their wealth
and political power to not only stop the expansion of slavery
but end the institution all together so that free labor can
replace slavery.
 They want to secure slavery where it exists and be allowed to have
slavery or to take their slaves anywhere in the country they want.

35.  During this period, we will also see the articulation of
a state’s rights argument that reasoned that states
could leave the Union and/or be able to reject laws
that they believed did not favor them or that might
drastically alter their quality of life.
 In 1832, South Carolinians revolted against high
import duties that they believed hurt their state and
benefited northern industry.

36. Phase 2
They, led by John
Calhoun, adopted an
Ordinance of
Nullification and
argued not only
could they reject
laws they could also
leave the U.S.

37. Phase 2
President Andrew
Jackson and many
opponents of
nullification worked
out a compromise to
avoid disunion but
the idea of
nullification lingered
among many
southern power
brokers.

38.  After the Missouri Compromise
 No new land is acquired by the U.S. until Texas is annexed in
1845, so there are no new tensions over slavery’s expansion in
the U.S.
 Westward expansion yields “fill-in” movement as Americans
move west, filling in the territory acquired under the
Louisiana Purchase.
 The Domestic Slave Trade ignites w/ 2 million slaves
transported.
 Sold via domestic slave markets or taken west with their masters.
See Walter Johnson’s Soul by Soul and/or Ira Berlin’s chapter “The
Migration Generations,” in Generations of Captivity.
 Most people are relocated from along the eastern seaboard states
into the interior states (LA, AL, AR, MS, TX). See Adam Rothman’s
Slave Country.

39. Phase 3
Manifest Destiny-the
belief that Americans
were predestined to
control the continent
shaped their
aggressive movement
westward, despite the
occupation and
ownership of the land
by Native Americans
and by Mexico, which
had recently gained
its independence
from Spain.
In 1872 artist John Gast painted American Progress, which depicted the migrations west. Here the goddess-like figure of
Columbia, who embodies the U.S., leading the way into a darkened west.

40. Phase 3
President James K.
Polk sent troops into
the borderlands
region which became
one of several
catalysts for the U.S.-
Mexican War.
Some northern
opponents of
slavery’s expansion
argued that it was a
war of conquest
designed to spread
slavery further south
and west.

42. Phase 3
The war concludes
with the U.S. as the
victor.
Through the Treaty
of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, the U.S.
controls the area
that today
comprises the states
of
California, Utah, Ne
vada, and parts of
Arizona and New
Mexico.

43.  Annexation of Texas, 1845.
 Mexican War, 1846-48.
 In Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexico cedes land to the
U.S. which extends U.S. territory to the Pacific.
 Both acquisitions reignite the debates about whether and
where slavery could exist in the newly acquired territories.
See this map of national expansion through war and
purchase.
 California, Compromise of 1850.
 The discovery of gold in 1848 activates massive migration.
California applies for admission to the Union as a free
state, even though the territory spans Missouri Compromise
line. Slaveholders protest admission.
 As we shall see, the compromise Congress sketched out
resulted in slavery being banned in California and
slaveholders getting a much stronger Fugitive Slave Law.

45.  With the other lands acquired via the Mexican
War, there is a new fight over slavery’s expansion.
 Slaveholders, “wannabe” slaveholders, and members of the
slaveholding apparatus are adamant about moving west
and northwest.
 Opponents of slavery resist vowing to stop slavery’s spread
westward so that working and middle class white men and
their families could move west without having to worry
about competing with slaveholders who gobbled up the
land or enslaved people who were worked for free or for
much less than white men.
 Congress tried to settle the issue with another
compromise.

46. Phase 3
To address his anti-
slavery constituents’
wishes, Senator
David Wilmot
proposes a proviso
(1846) to ban slavery
in lands acquired in
Mexican War.
He argues that the
land should be
preserved for non-
slaveholding white
men.

47.  The bill failed to become law but the slaveholding
apparatus sees it as a threat and decide that any step to
ban slavery in the West would be the death knell for
the institution.
 The slaveholding class started fortifying their defense
of slavery and articulating a willingness to secede or go
to war to protect the institution and the way of life that
slavery created for them and their families.
 As slaveholders flex their political
muscle, abolitionists and antislavery advocates
mobilize politically to end slavery and to stop its
expansion westward.

48.  Liberty Partyis established in 1840 as a national political party composed
of abolitionists (those opposed to slavery for moral and or religious
reasons). They fail to win significant votes in elections to end slavery.
 Free Soil Party established, 1848. This is a national political party
established by anti-slavery activists (those opposed to slavery for mostly
economic reasons).
 The party’s members are both Democrats and fmrWhigs andKnow
Nothings.
 They fail to win national elections and the parties dissolve but their
political momentum builds.
 In 1854 antislavery activists establish the Republican Party whose
members want to contain slavery in the South and end slaveholders’
influence on federal government, U.S. policy, and in western settlement.
 This political mobilization against slavery and its expansion westward
will lead to the political fights of the 1850 that descend into war.

49. Phase 3
To address lingering issues
over slavery in the
West, Congress passes
legislation in favor of popular
sovereignty, an idea brought
to political reality under the
1854 Kansas-Nebraska
Act, that allowed the people
who moved into territories to
vote on whether slavery
should exist there.
Rather than ending the
political fights over slavery’s
expansion, the political
debates over popular
sovereignty escalate and
descend into violence in the
This image shows the ruins of the Free State Hotel in the aftermath of the Kansas elections.
sacking of Lawrence in 1856.

50. Cuban Filibuster
Movement
In the 1850s, U.S.
slaveholders start
campaigning to take
over land in Latin
America to extend
their wealth and
power.
They found their
biggest champion in
Narcisco Lopez who
launched several
campaigns to foment
revolution in several
slaveholding Latin
Narcisco Lopez’s filibusters seize Cardenas, Cuba, May 1850 American colonies
and countries.

52.  As if tensions aren’t bad enough, the political rhetoric heats up as both
groups start to speak in terms of “progress” and the Nation and
conspiracy theories.
 Both slavery supporters and opponents see their future and that of the
nation as tied to what happens in the West.
 Both groups use fatalistic language to describe what will happen if
their opponents’ goals are realized in the West.
 The language they use to describe themselves and their opponents is
exaggerated and attuned to advance their political and economic
agenda of allowing slavery to continue & expand or having it end or
remain contained.
 Some historians argue that this intensified rhetoric, which is spread
more quickly because of technological advancements (more
newspapers, railroads/steamboats, and the Atlantic cable), will make it
more difficult for Americans to reach further compromise.
 The earlier slides provided a preview but the following slides provide
more detail.

53.  Advocates of slavery argue that northern bankers and
industrialists want to use their economic might to end
slavery’s expansion and turn all white Americans into
the oppressed working-class laborers who own no
property and are often locked in the grip of poverty
and often die in industrial workplaces because of
horrible labor conditions created by greedy
industrialists and bankers.

54.  Opponents of slavery and its expansion argue that
slaveholders and those who benefit from slavery want
to use their economic might and growing political
might to allow slavery to expand not only in the West
but throughout the nation. They want to continue to
gobble up the land for themselves and steal the labor
and lives of even more people, and use their wealth
and influence to public policy. In the
process, slaveholders rob working-class white men of
the opportunity to advance because make achieving
wealth impossible.

55.  One key thread in these debates is the second wave of the
abolitionist movement.
 I-1770-1830 —Includes Quakers, other religious opponents to
slavery, and those shaped by the Enlightenment and Great
Awakening to end slavery.
 They are committed to ending slavery gradually, peacefully, and
compensating slaveholders for the loss of their human property.
 II-1831-1865—Includes the mostly white biological and
ideological descendants of first movement, free black
people, and fugitive slaves like Frederick Douglass and Harriet
Tubman.
 Increasingly, they reject gradual abolition and compensation.
 The more radical of this group, like William Lloyd Garrison, David
Walker, and John Brown will reach a point where they support the
use of violence and war to end slavery.
 These people help with the Underground Railroad, lobby Congress
to end slavery, deliver anti-slavery speeches, and publish anti-
slavery novels, pamphlets, and newspapers.

57.  Anti-slaveryactivistsaren’t the same as abolitionists in that
they oppose slavery and its expansion for economic and
political reasons. They believed that men should be paid
for their labor.
 They hate being forced to compete with slaveholders and
enslaved people’s labor because they know the financial
odds are stacked against them.
 They hate the political power slaveholders wield over
local, state, and national government.
 They are embodied by men like Walt Whitman and
Abraham Lincoln.
 Although there is much dividing abolitionists and anti-
slavery activists, increasingly they will work together under
the Republican Party to challenge proslavery Democrats
and win the White House.

58.  As both camps are defending their interests, the
discovery of gold in California intensifies westward
migration (including slaveholders and their slaves).
When California applies for admission to the Union as
a free state, slaveholders cry foul re: the “money power
conspiracy”.
 Slaveholders and their opponents clash in public
debates and in Congress re: the admission of CA as
free state. Henry Clay (author of the Missouri
Compromise) and other members of Congress create
the Compromise of 1850 that pacifies both the South
and the North for a short period.

59.  California enters the Union as a free state;
 New Mexico was to be made a territory and Texas was
to remain within its borders;
 Utah was to be made into a territory with no estd
decision on slavery;
 New Fugitive Slave Law placed under federal
jurisdiction;
 The Slave Trade was abolished in Washington, D.C.
 Neither slaveholders nor opponents of slavery are
happy with the compromise but it keeps the peace.

61.  Slaveholders and free soilers are still moving west into Kansas &
Nebraska where slavery would have been prohibited under the
Missouri Compromise. As the territories apply for admission to
the Union, Americans ask:
 Will slavery be allowed in the territory?
 Stephen A. Douglas works out a plan to settle the question:
 Popular sovereignty which means, allow residents of the territories
to decide the status of slavery themselves. This decision nullifies the
Missouri Compromise.
 Americans rush into the Kansas territory and battles ensue as
they try to vote in an election determining the fate of slavery in
the territory. 200 people die in the fighting, leading many to dub
it “Bleeding Kansas.”
 The violence & arguments about Kansas reflect tension.

63. Brooks attacks
Sumner
Tensions got so high
in the debates over
Kansas that
southerner Preston
Brooks responds to
inflammatory
speeches about his
uncle by Charles
Sumner by attacking
him with a cane.
Southerners
rejoiced and
northerners were
outraged.

66.  In 1857 the U.S. Supreme
Court, which had been silent about
the debates about slavery in the
territory, weighs in its ruling in the
Dred Scott decision.
 Scott was an enslaved man who had
been taken into a free territory. He
and his lawyers argued that since
slavery didn’t exist where he lived for
a period, he had gained his freedom.
The Supreme Court
disagreed, ruling that slaveholders
could take their slaves into any of
the territories and their enslaved
status would not change.
 Abolitionists, Anti-Slavery
activists, and enslaved and free
black people cried foul over the
“slave power conspiracy.”

68. John Brown’s
Raid on Harper’s
Ferry
Plans to raise an army
of abolitionists and
enslaved people to
end slavery by force.
Although the plan
fails and Brown and
other conspirators are
executed for
treason, proslavery
southerners are
mortified that white
men would use
violence to end
slavery.

69. John Brown Trial
“The Trial of John
Brown at
Charlestown, Virgini
a, for Treason and
Murder.” Sketch by
Porte Crayon (David
Strother).

70.  By the end of 1859, the U.S. was rife with sectional
strife over the issue of slavery expanding into the
western territories.
 Political figures continued to try to hammer out
additional compromises over the issue.
 Although the Civil War is not predestined to
happen, historians have looked back over this period
and determined that argument’s about slavery’s
expansion westward and about states’ rights to reject
federal policies that they believe are detrimental to
their survival helps us to better understand why the
war happened when it did.

71.  Fergus Bordewich, America’s Great Debate
 William Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery
 David Herbert Donald, et al eds., The Civil War and
Reconstruction;
 Don Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case
 Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men
 Michael Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s
 Tony Horwitz, Midnight Rising
 Thomas Morris, Free Men All
 Michael Morrison, Slavery and the American West

72.  Cotton gin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html
 Louisiana Purchase Map:  John Brown Trial:
http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Image:Unit http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/brown/j
ed_states_map_1803.jpg ohn_brown_trial.cfm.
 Native American Cultures Map:  California Gold Diggers: Image:
http://www.worldmapsonline.com/UnivHist/30014_6.gif. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_Gold_Diggers.j
pg.
 Native American Removal:
http://www.worldmapsonline.com/UnivHist/30068_6.gif.  Gast’s American Progress:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Am
 Cutting the Sugar Cane:
erican_progress.JPG.
http://readinganthro.wordpress.com/
Thomas Jefferson:
 Sugar cane: http://www.topnews.in/sugarcane-cultivation- 
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Tho
orissa-decline-2175105
mas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg
 Battle of Buena Vista:
Guadalupe Hidalgo Map:
http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/w 
http://tbenewnation.wikispaces.com/War+with+Mexico+-
eb%20103/outline%2013%20umf%20103_06.htm.
+The+Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo
 Compromise Map:
David Wilmot:
http://americancivilwar.com/pictures/compromise_1850.ht 
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Da
ml
vid_Wilmot.png
 Brooks attacks Sumner:
http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/w  John C. Calhoun:
http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnccalhoun.h
eb%20103/outline%2013%20umf%20103_06.htm.
tml
 Southern Chivalry:
 Andrew Jackson:
http://www.civilwaracademy.com/bleeding-kansas.html.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/An
 John Brown: drew_Jackson.jpg

73.  Domestic Slave trade:
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/index.cfm;jsessionid
=f8302075491325377941656?migration=3&topic=7&type=ma
p&bhcp=1 ;
http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/index.cfm;jsessionid
=f8302075491325377941656?migration=3&topic=7&type=ma
p&bhcp=1
 U.S. Territorial Growth Map:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Territorial_Growth_
1810.jpg
 Cuban Filibuster Movement:
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/filibusters.htm

74.  The 1860 election;
 “Why A Lincoln Presidency Meant War”;
 The secession winter;
 Secession;
 The beginning of the Civil War.